Summary: According to researchers, mast cells play an important role in determining whether an animal’s sexual behavior will be more typical of a male or a female as they mature. Chemically stimulating mast cells in newborn female mice resulted in them acting more like males as adults.
Source: Ohio State University.
Researchers have found a surprising new explanation of how young brains are shaped for sexual behavior later in life.
Immune cells usually ignored by neuroscientists appear to play an important role in determining whether an animal’s sexual behavior will be more typical of a male or female, according to research led by Kathryn Lenz, an assistant professor of psychology and neuroscience at The Ohio State University.
The study, which was done in rats, appears in the Journal of Neuroscience.
To better understand the role of the mast cells in sexual behavior, Lenz and her colleagues silenced the cells in male fetal rats and then observed the rats’ development later in life.
The researchers paired one of these male animals with a female that was receptive to mating and watched to see whether the male sexually pursued the female – basically, whether he chased her and mounted her.
The experimental males were far less interested than typical males, acting almost like females.
The researchers also manipulated female newborn rats, activating the mast cells with a stimulating chemical.
As adults, they acted like males.
“It’s fascinating to watch, because these masculine females don’t have the hardware to engage in male reproductive behavior, but you wouldn’t know it from the way they act,” said Lenz, a researcher in Ohio State’s Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research. “They appear to be strongly motivated to try to engage in male sexual behavior with other females.”
The researchers found that estrogen (which plays a major role in development of masculine traits in rats) activates mast cells in the brain and that those mast cells drive the animal’s sexual development.
Though scientists know that sex differences are programmed by hormones during early development, they have limited information about the cellular-level changes that contribute to the manner in which the brain and behavior are formed.
“We’re really interested in the fundamental mechanisms that drive brain development and sex-specific brain development, and this study found that mast cells – immune cells involved in allergic responses – play a key role,” Lenz said.
If human development mirrors what was seen in this animal study, it’s possible that relatively minor influences – such as an allergic reaction, injury or inflammation during pregnancy – could steer sexual behavior development in offspring, Lenz said. It’s even conceivable that taking antihistamines or pain relievers during pregnancy could play a role, she said.
Furthermore, this discovery could help explain risks for psychiatric and neurological disorders that are more common in males, including autism, she said.
“These mast cells in the brain appear crucial for life-long brain development, even though there are relatively few of them, and this should really open our eyes to the potential role of different immune cells in the human brain. There’s so much we don’t know, and we need to pay attention to all the cells in the brain and how they talk to each other,” she said.
The study focused on the pre-optic area of the brain, which is part of the hypothalamus.
“This is the most sexually dynamic area of the brain – we know that it’s highly important for male-type reproductive and social behaviors such as mounting and for initiating maternal behavior in female animals,” Lenz said.
Previous work by the researchers uncovered the role of another type of brain cell, microglia, in directing sexual behavior. In the new study, they found that mast cells activate the microglia.
“This new mast cell discovery is really one of those accidents of science,” Lenz said, explaining that another researcher was conducting some unrelated work on sex differences in gene expression and noticed that there appeared to be some differences in mast cell genes depending on whether the brains were from a male or female.
In addition to the behavioral changes documented in the study, the researchers examined cellular-level changes as well. Female newborn rats exposed to a dose of the masculinizing hormone estrogen had an increase in mast cells in the brain. Those cells released histamine, which stimulated other brain cells (the microglia) to activate male-typical brain patterning.
Source: Kathryn Lenz – Ohio State University
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image credited to Ohio State University.
Original Research: Abstract for “Mast Cells in the Developing Brain Determine Adult Sexual Behavior” by Kathryn M. Lenz, Lindsay A. Pickett, Christopher L. Wright, Katherine T. Davis, Aarohi Joshi and Margaret M. McCarthy in Journal of Neuroscience Published August 7 2018.
doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1176-18.2018
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Ohio State University”Immune Cells in Brain Have Surprising Influence on Sexual Behavior.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 15 August 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/immune-cells-sexual-behavior-9702/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Ohio State University(2018, August 15). Immune Cells in Brain Have Surprising Influence on Sexual Behavior. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved August 15, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/immune-cells-sexual-behavior-9702/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Ohio State University”Immune Cells in Brain Have Surprising Influence on Sexual Behavior.” https://neurosciencenews.com/immune-cells-sexual-behavior-9702/ (accessed August 15, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Mast Cells in the Developing Brain Determine Adult Sexual Behavior
Many sex differences in brain and behavior are programmed during development by gonadal hormones, but the cellular mechanisms are incompletely understood. We found that immune system-derived mast cells are a primary target for the masculinizing hormone, estradiol, and that mast cells are in turn primary mediators of brain sexual differentiation. Newborn male rats had greater numbers and more activated mast cells in the preoptic area (POA), a brain region essential for male copulatory behavior, than female littermates during the critical period for sexual differentiation. Inhibiting mast cells with a stabilizing agent blunted the masculinization of both POA neuronal and microglial morphology and adult sex behavior, while activating mast cells in females, even though fewer in number, induced masculinization. Treatment of newborn females with a masculinizing dose of estradiol increased mast cell number and induced mast cells to release histamine, which then stimulated microglia to release prostaglandins and thereby induced male-typical synaptic patterning. These findings identify a novel non-neuronal origin of brain sex differences and resulting motivated behaviors.
Significance Statement:
We found that immune system-derived mast cells are a primary target for the masculinizing hormone, estradiol, and that mast cells are in turn primary mediators of brain sexual differentiation. These findings identify a novel non-neuronal origin of brain sex differences and resulting motivated behaviors.
