Summary: Researchers reveal the mechanism behind leprosy’s destructive effect on the body and note the disease may share common characteristics with multiple sclerosis.
Source: University of Cambridge.
Leprosy hijacks our immune system, turning an important repair mechanism into one that causes potentially irreparable damage to our nerve cells, according to new research that uses zebrafish to study the disease. As such, the disease may share common characteristics with conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
Leprosy is an infectious disease that affects the skin and peripheral nerves and is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and, less commonly, Mycobacterium lepromatosis. According to the World Health Organization, there has been a dramatic decrease in the global disease burden in the past few decades: from 5.2 million people with leprosy in 1985 to 176,176 at the end of 2015.
Despite the disease having been known about for thousands of years – many people will have first heard about it through references in the Bible – very little is understood about its biology. This is in part because the bacteria are difficult to grow in culture and there are no good animal models: M. leprae can grow in the footpads of mice, but do not cause nerve damage; the disease causes nerve damage in armadillos, but these animals are rarely used in research.
Now, an international team led by researchers at the University of Cambridge, UK, and the University of Washington, the University of California Los Angeles and Harvard University, USA, have used a new animal model, the zebrafish, to show for the first time how M. leprae damage nerves by infiltrating the very cells that are meant to protect us. Zebrafish are already used to study another species of mycobacteria, to help understand tuberculosis (TB).
Scientists have previously shown that the nerve damage in leprosy is caused by a stripping away of the protective insulation, the myelin sheath, that protects nerve fibres, but it was thought that this process occurred because the bacteria got inside Schwann cells, specialist cells that produce myelin.
In new research published today in the journal Cell, researchers used zebrafish that had been genetically modified so that their myelin is fluorescent green; young zebrafish are themselves transparent, and so the researchers could more easily observe what was happening to the nerve cells. When they injected bacteria close to the nerve cells of the zebrafish, they observed that the bacteria settled on the nerve, developing donut-like ‘bubbles’ of myelin that had dissociated from the myelin sheath.
When they examined these bubbles more closely, they found that they were caused by M. leprae bacteria inside of macrophages – literally ‘big eaters’, immune cells that consume and destroy foreign bodies and unwanted material within the body. But, as is also often the case with TB, the M. leprae was consumed by the macrophages but not destroyed.
![Image shows defored hand.](https://neurosciencenews.com/files/2017/08/leprosy-immune-system.jpg)
“These ‘Pac-Man’-like immune cells swallow the leprosy bacteria, but are not always able to destroy them,” explains Professor Lalita Ramakrishnan from the Department of Medicine at the University of Cambridge, whose lab is within the Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology. “Instead, the macrophages – which should be moving up and down the nerve fibre repairing damage – slow down and settle in place, destroying the myelin sheath.”
Professor Ramakrishnan working with Dr Cressida Madigan, Professor Alvaro Sagasti, and other colleagues confirmed that this was the case by knocking out the macrophages and showing that when the bacteria sit directly on the nerves, they do not damage the myelin sheath.
The team further demonstrated how this damage occurs. A molecule known as PGL-1 that sits on the surface of M. leprae ‘reprograms’ the macrophage, causing it to overproduce a potentially destructive form of the chemical nitric oxide that damages mitochondria, the ‘batteries’ that power nerves.
“The leprosy bacteria are, essentially, hijacking an important repair mechanism and causing it to go awry,” says Professor Ramakrishnan. “It then starts spewing out toxic chemicals. Not only does it stop repairing damage, but it creates more damage itself.”
“We know that the immune system can lead to nerve damage – and in particular to the myelin sheath – in other diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain–Barré syndrome,” says Dr Cressida Madigan from the University of California, Los Angeles. “Our study appears to place leprosy in the same category of these diseases.”
The researchers say it is too early to say whether this study will lead to new treatments. There are several drugs being tested that inhibit the production of nitric oxide, but, says Professor Ramakrishnan, the key may be to catch the disease at an early enough stage to prevent damage to the nerve cells.
“We need to be thinking about degeneration versus regeneration,” she says. “At the moment, leprosy can be treated by a combination of drugs. While these succeed in killing the bacteria, once the nerve damage has been done, it is currently irreversible. We would like to understand how to change that. In other words, are we able to prevent damage to nerve cells in the first place and can we additionally focus on repairing damaged nerve cells?”
Funding: The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Wellcome Trust, and the AP Giannini Foundation.
Source: Judith Merkelt – University of Cambridge
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from University of Cambridge.
Video Source: Video credited to Ramakrishnan Laboratory University of Cambridge.
Original Research: Full open access research for “A Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium leprae Phenolic Glycolipid Initiates Nerve Damage in Leprosy” by Cressida A. Madigan, C.J. Cambier, Kindra M. Kelly-Scumpia, Philip O. Scumpia, Tan-Yun Cheng, Joseph Zailaa, Barry R. Bloom, D. Branch Moody, Stephen T. Smale, Alvaro Sagasti, Robert L. Modlin, and Lalita Ramakrishnan in Cell. Published online August 24 2017 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.030
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]University of Cambridge “Leprosy Turns the Immune System Against Itself.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 24 August 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/leprosy-immune-system-7373/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]University of Cambridge (2017, August 24). Leprosy Turns the Immune System Against Itself. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved August 24, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/leprosy-immune-system-7373/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]University of Cambridge “Leprosy Turns the Immune System Against Itself.” https://neurosciencenews.com/leprosy-immune-system-7373/ (accessed August 24, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
A Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium leprae Phenolic Glycolipid Initiates Nerve Damage in Leprosy
Highlights
•Mycobacterium leprae infection of zebrafish damages nerves, causing demyelination
•Nerve damage requires M. leprae phenolic glycolipid (PGL-1) and host macrophages
•PGL-1 induces macrophages to produce excess nitric oxide
•Excess nitric oxide damages nerves by damaging their mitochondria
Summary
Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy and is unique among mycobacterial diseases in producing peripheral neuropathy. This debilitating morbidity is attributed to axon demyelination resulting from direct interaction of the M. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1) with myelinating glia and their subsequent infection. Here, we use transparent zebrafish larvae to visualize the earliest events of M. leprae-induced nerve damage. We find that demyelination and axonal damage are not directly initiated by M. leprae but by infected macrophages that patrol axons; demyelination occurs in areas of intimate contact. PGL-1 confers this neurotoxic response on macrophages: macrophages infected with M. marinum-expressing PGL-1 also damage axons. PGL-1 induces nitric oxide synthase in infected macrophages, and the resultant increase in reactive nitrogen species damages axons by injuring their mitochondria and inducing demyelination. Our findings implicate the response of innate macrophages to M. leprae PGL-1 in initiating nerve damage in leprosy.
“A Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium leprae Phenolic Glycolipid Initiates Nerve Damage in Leprosy” by Cressida A. Madigan, C.J. Cambier, Kindra M. Kelly-Scumpia, Philip O. Scumpia, Tan-Yun Cheng, Joseph Zailaa, Barry R. Bloom, D. Branch Moody, Stephen T. Smale, Alvaro Sagasti, Robert L. Modlin, and Lalita Ramakrishnan in Cell. Published online August 24 2017 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.030