Summary: Maternal exposure to higher levels of air pollution is associated with lower IQ scores in their children. Those whose mothers were in the highest 10% of pollution exposure had IQ scores that were, on average, 2.5 points lower than those whose mothers were in the lowest 10%. However, higher maternal folate levels appear to neutralize the effect of high pollution exposure on offspring.
Source: University of Washington
A new study found that pregnant women exposed to higher levels of air pollutants had children with lower IQs, compared to the children of women exposed to lower levels.
The study, led by researchers at the University of Washington and UCSF as part of the ECHO PATHWAYS consortium, will be published in the September issue of Environmental Research and is currently available online.
Researchers looked at 1,005 pregnant women participating in the Conditions Affecting Neurodevelopment and Learning study, set in Shelby County, Tenn., and assessed the IQs of their offspring between the ages of 4 and 6. They found that exposure to PM10 — pollutant particles with a diameter of one-seventh the width of a human hair that is produced by industry, power plants, cars, air traffic, and railways — was negatively associated with IQ. Children whose mothers were in the highest 10 percent of exposure had IQ scores that were 2.5 points lower than those in the lower 10 percent.
When the researchers looked at plasma levels of maternal folate, which is found naturally in leafy vegetables, beans, and citrus fruit, and is recommended for all pregnant women in its synthetic form as folic acid, they found that the difference between offspring IQs in the highest and lowest PM10-exposed groups had widened to 6.8 points among those whose mothers had the lowest levels (bottom 25 percent) of folate.
PM10 exposure had no impact on IQ if maternal levels of folate were higher, the researchers found.
While the study underlines the importance of folic acid in pregnancy, there may be such a thing as too much folic acid supplementation, said first author Christine Loftus, an epidemiologist from the UW’s Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences.
“Although supplementation has been shown to be protective against neural tube defects, which are devastating birth defects of the central nervous system, recent research suggests that too much prenatal folic acid may impair healthy fetal neurodevelopment,” Loftus said. “The dose of folic acid is something that pregnant women should discuss with their doctors.”
Long-term exposure to PM10 has been linked to reduced lung function and the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In this study, other pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, which is a marker for high-concentration motor traffic, were not found to impact IQ.
The authors said that they could not explain the mechanism by which PM10 exposure contributed to lower IQ, but said that animal studies indicated that air pollution exposure increased maternal inflammation and oxidative stress. “This could result in placental inflammation and may interfere with placental or fetal epigenetic programming,” said senior author Kaja LeWinn, ScD, associate professor of psychiatry at the UCSF School of Medicine.
“While it’s beyond the scope of our paper to understand how folate might alter this association, it is possible that higher folate levels increase the antioxidant capability of the diet, buffering oxidative stress associated with PM10 exposure,” said LeWinn.
“It may also be that folate itself is protective, since it plays an important role in healthy neurodevelopment, regardless of air pollution exposure.”
Co-authors includes Marnie F. Hazlehurst, Adam Szpiro, Yu Ni and Catherine J. Karr also of the UW; Sheela Sathyanarayana of the UW and the Seattle Children’s Research Institute; Frances Tylavsky of the University of Tennesee; Nicole Bush of UC San Francisco; Kecia Carroll of Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Funding: The study was supported by grants from the NIH and the Urban Child Institute.
Source:
University of Washington
Media Contacts:
Christine Loftus – University of Washington
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The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access
“Prenatal air pollution and childhood IQ: Preliminary evidence of effect modification by folate”. Christine Loftus et al.
Environmental Research. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.036
Abstract
Prenatal air pollution and childhood IQ: Preliminary evidence of effect modification by folate
Objectives
Animal studies suggest that air pollution is neurotoxic to a developing fetus, but evidence in humans is limited. We tested the hypothesis that higher air pollution is associated with lower child IQ and that effects vary by maternal and child characteristics, including prenatal nutrition.
Methods
We used prospective data collected from the Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood study. Outdoor pollutant exposure during pregnancy was predicted at geocoded home addresses using a validated national universal kriging model that combines ground-based monitoring data with an extensive database of land-use covariates. Distance to nearest major roadway was also used as a proxy for traffic-related pollution. Our primary outcome was full-scale IQ measured at age 4–6. In regression models, we adjusted for multiple determinants of child neurodevelopment and assessed interactions between air pollutants and child sex, race, socioeconomic status, reported nutrition, and maternal plasma folate in second trimester.
Results
In our analytic sample (N = 1005) full-scale IQ averaged 2.5 points (95% CI: 0.1, 4.8) lower per 5 μg/m3 higher prenatal PM10, while no associations with nitrogen dioxide or road proximity were observed. Associations between PM10 and IQ were modified by maternal plasma folate (pinteraction = 0.07). In the lowest folate quartile, IQ decreased 6.8 points (95% CI: 1.4, 12.3) per 5-unit increase in PM10; no associations were observed in higher quartiles.
Conclusions
Our findings strengthen evidence that air pollution impairs fetal neurodevelopment and suggest a potentially important role of maternal folate in modifying these effects.
