Heavy Drinking in Young Adults Tied to Endocannabinoid Pathway

Summary: Brain levels of FAAH, an enzyme that degrades a neurotransmitter that activates the cannabinoid 1 receptor, may contribute to the maintenance of excessive drinking and susceptibility to alcohol use disorder.

Source: Elsevier

Although heavy drinking in young adulthood increases the risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), not all young heavy drinkers go on to develop AUD, globally the most common substance use disorder.

Research has shown that individual differences in alcohol sensitivity and cardiovascular responses may predict drinking patterns and progression to AUD. Little is known, however, about the brain-based mechanisms of AUD vulnerability – a better understanding of which could guide preventive interventions against AUD.

new study explores the role of endocannabinoid levels in hazardous alcohol use.

The study appears in Biological Psychiatry, published by Elsevier.

Led by Isabelle Boileau, PhD, at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and University of Toronto, the new study explores the relationship between fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) levels in heavy drinking youth and alcohol intake, drinking patterns, differential responses to alcohol, and family history of AUD.

The researchers hypothesized that lower brain FAAH levels would correlate to heavier and more hazardous drinking.

FAAH is an enzyme that degrades the endogenous cannabis-like substance anandamide, a neurotransmitter that activates the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) and is involved in the regulation of pain, appetite, and mood.

Endocannabinoid activity specifically in the brain’s striatum and prefrontal cortex regions is thought to modulate the rewarding effects of alcohol. Studies in animals and people have suggested that reduced FAAH activity leads to increased alcohol seeking and consumption and decreased negative effects of intoxication.

The researchers used positron emission tomography imaging of [11C]CURB, a highly specific radiotracer for FAAH, to assess FAAH levels in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, and whole brains of 31 participants aged 19 to 25 who reported at least one occurrence of heavy drinking in the previous 30 days.

The researchers also measured behavioral and cardiovascular responses while administering controlled intravenous alcohol infusions to participants.

This shows a young person drinking at the side of a road
FAAH is an enzyme that degrades the endogenous cannabis-like substance anandamide, a neurotransmitter that activates the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) and is involved in the regulation of pain, appetite, and mood. Image is in the public domain

Lower [11C]CURB binding, reflecting lower FAAH activity and presumably higher anandamide levels, was not related to frequency of alcohol use, but it was associated with more severe use, a greater reported craving for alcohol prior to the infusion, a greater reported “liking” of intoxication during the infusion, and reduced sensitivity to the negative effects of alcohol.

“In our study, young adults with lower brain levels of FAAH reported greater stimulation and fewer intoxicating and sedating effects from drinking alcohol,” said Dr. Boileau.

Lower FAAH levels were also associated with lower heart-rate variability, a cardiac measure of parasympathetic nervous system activity. A family history of AUD, present in about half the participants, had no relationship to [11C]CURB binding.

“Our findings are important as they suggest that FAAH levels in the brain may contribute to the maintenance of excessive drinking and to susceptibility for developing an AUD and provide a brain-based target for prevention efforts and treatment approaches,” Dr. Boileau added.

John Krystal, MD, editor of Biological Psychiatry, said of the work, “This fascinating study provides evidence linking increased endocannabinoid levels to reduced sensitivity to the negative effects of alcohol, an important risk factor for heavy drinking and AUD.”

This work suggests that FAAH levels may influence a youth’s susceptibility to alcohol misuse. These findings may guide researchers toward preventive measures to avoid AUD during this critical developmental stage, or potentially to interventions for treatment of AUD. 

About this alcohol use and neuroscience research news

Author: Eileen Leahy
Source: Elsevier
Contact; Eileen Leahy – Elsevier
Image: The image is in the public domain

Original Research: Closed access.
Association Between Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Alcohol Response Phenotypes: A PET Imaging Study with [11C]CURB in Heavy-drinking Youth” by Isabelle Boileau et al. Biological Psychiatry


Abstract

Association Between Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase and Alcohol Response Phenotypes: A PET Imaging Study with [11C]CURB in Heavy-drinking Youth

Background

Reductions in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid anandamide, may play a role in drinking behavior and risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). We tested the hypotheses that lower brain FAAH levels in heavy-drinking youth is related to increased alcohol intake, hazardous drinking and differential response to alcohol.

Methods

FAAH levels in striatum, prefrontal cortex and whole brain were determined using positron emission tomography imaging of [11C]CURB in heavy-drinking youth (n=31; 19-25 years). C385A FAAH genotype (rs324420) was determined. Behavioral (n=29) and cardiovascular (n=22) responses to alcohol were measured during a controlled intravenous alcohol infusion.

Results

Lower [11C]CURB binding was not significantly related to frequency of use but was positively associated with hazardous drinking and reduced sensitivity to the negative effects of alcohol. During alcohol infusion, lower [11C]CURB binding related to greater self-reported stimulation and urges, and lower sedation (p<0.05). Lower heart rate variability was related to both greater alcohol-induced stimulation and lower [11C]CURB binding (p<0.05). Family history of AUD (n=14) did not relate to [11C]CURB binding.

Conclusions

In line with preclinical studies, lower FAAH in brain was related to a dampened response to negative, impairing effects of alcohol, increased drinking urges and alcohol-induced arousal. Lower FAAH might alter positive or negative effects of alcohol and increase urges to drink, thereby contributing to the addiction process. Determining whether FAAH influences motivation to drink through increased positive/arousing effects of alcohol or greater tolerance should be investigated.

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