Summary: UCSD researchers have successfully created a human stem cell based model of AGS, a rare, inherited autoimmune disorder.
Source: UCSD.
Brain-in-a-dish approach also showed two existing HIV drugs may be effective in rescuing mutated cells.
An international team of scientists, led by University of California San Diego School of Medicine researchers, has created a human stem cell-based model of a rare, but devastating, inherited neurological autoimmune condition called Aicardi-Goutieres Syndrome (AGS). In doing so, the team was able to identify unusual and surprising underlying genetic mechanisms that drive AGS and test strategies to inhibit the condition using existing drugs.
Two repurposed FDA-approved drugs showed measurable effect, rescuing cells from the effects of AGS. The findings point to the promise of future clinical trials and to the utility of creating novel stem cell-based models of human diseases when no other models are available.
The findings are published in the August 10 online issue of Cell Stem Cell.
“Our approach can now be used to investigate other neurological conditions, like autism and schizophrenia and overlapping autoimmune disorders that dysfunction in similar ways,” said Alysson Muotri, PhD, professor in the UC San Diego School of Medicine departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, director of the UC San Diego Stem Cell Program and a member of the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine.
First described in 1984, AGS typically involves early-onset inflammation affecting the brain, immune system and skin. Its severity depends upon which genes are involved — there are six types — but usually results in pronounced physiological and psychological consequences, from microcephaly (an abnormally small head) and spasticity to skin and vision problems and joint stiffness, all appearing in the first year of life. The syndrome is progressive, resulting in death or a persistent vegetative state in early childhood. Currently, there is no cure; the only treatments are symptomatic or palliative.
The clinical features of AGS mimic those of viral infections acquired in utero, before birth, with increased levels of inflammatory markers and other signatures of inflammatory response. However, Muotri said there is no link between AGS and exogenous pathogens. Previous research has shown that AGS patients have mutations in genes critical to nucleic acid metabolism in the regulation of cellular immune response, among them a deficiency in an enzyme called TREX1, which helps prevent abnormal DNA from accumulating in cells.
Deeper probing into the pathogenesis of AGS has been difficult because animal models do not accurately mimic the human version of the disease. So Muotri, with colleagues, used embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from AGS patients to create six cellular models of the condition. In the past, Muotri’s lab has developed similar “disease-in-a-dish” neuronal models of autism, anorexia nervosa and Williams Syndrome, among other rare genetic neurological conditions.
From the iPSCs, they also created cerebral organoids or “mini-brains” — larger clusters of neurons that organize themselves into a cortical structure, similar to a developing human cerebral cortex.
The researchers found that with TREX1 not functioning normally, all of the cell models displayed excess extra-chromosomal DNA and that a major source of the excess DNA came from LINE1 (L1) retroelements. L1s are repetitive sequences of DNA with the ability to autonomously copy-and-paste themselves within the human genome. In the past, they have been called “jumping genes” and, because their function within cells is largely unknown, “junk DNA.”
However the term “junk DNA” is increasingly becoming a misnomer. In work published in 2005, for example, Muotri and colleagues reported that L1s have a high impact on brain cells compared to other tissues, suggesting an important, if so far mysterious, role in brain development.
Since then, he said, researchers around the world have investigated the role of L1s in creating a genetic mosaicism in the brain. “These are ancient, genomic parasites that replicate inside our cells. The majority of the current work is focusing on the impact of this genome mosaicism, but we decided to also look outside of the nucleus. And what we found was a big surprise.”
In some of the AGS cell models created by the researchers, toxins from excess DNA built up. Others showed an abnormal immune response, secreting toxins that induced cell death in other cells. The combined effect in organoids was a massive reduction in neuron growth when the opposite should occur. “These models seemed to mirror the development and progression of AGS in a developing fetus,” said Muotri. “It was cell death and reduction when neural development should be rising.”
The cell death was trigged by the anti-viral response from the L1 molecules outside the nucleus. “We uncovered a novel and fundamental mechanism, where chronic response to L1 elements can negatively impact human neurodevelopment,” said Charles Thomas, a former graduate student in the Muotri lab and first author of the study. “This mechanism seems human-specific. We don’t see this in the mouse.”
The researchers observed that AGS pathogenesis was similar to a retroviral infection and wondered whether existing HIV antiretroviral drugs might be effective in interfering in L1 replication. Two drugs were tested in the cell models: Stavudine and Lamivudine. Both drugs resulted in reduced L1 and cell toxicity. Cell model growth returned in all cell types and in the complex, differentiated colonies of nerve cells that comprise organoids.
The data supported the idea that HIV drugs could benefit AGS patients, Muotri said. A clinical trial led by study co-author Yanick Crow, MRCP, PhD, at Sorbonne Paris Cite University and the University of Manchester, has already started in Europe.
Muotri said the findings were illuminating and encouraging, providing a platform and impetus for further study of the pathology of neuroinflammation and drug discovery. “It’s important to note that while this work focused on AGS, nerve cells in schizophrenia show an overabundance of L1 elements — and there is an overlap with other autoimmune disorders.
“This is a great example of how a fundamental basic research could be rapidly translated into clinics. Are there analogous mechanisms at work in these different diseases? Is this modeling strategy relevant for better understanding and treating them? These are questions we will now pursue.”
Co-authors of this study include: Leon Tejwani, Cleber A. Trujillo, Priscilla D. Negraes, Roberto H. Herai, Pinar Mesci, and Angela Macia, UC San Diego; Yanick J. Crow, Sorbonne Paris Cite University, Institut Imagine, Hopital Necker, Paris and University of Manchester, UK.
Funding: National Institutes of Health, Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA Fellowship, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UC San Diego Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, NARSAD, European Research Council funded this study.
Source: Scott LaFee – UCSD
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Cleber A. Trujillo, UC San Diego.
Original Research: Abstract for “Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation” by Charles A. Thomas, Leon Tejwani, Cleber A. Trujillo, Priscilla D. Negraes, Roberto H. Herai, Pinar Mesci, Angela Macia, Yanick J. Crow, and Alysson R. Muotri in Cell Stem Cell. Published online August 10 2017 doi:10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.009
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]UCSD “Novel Stem Cell-Derived Model Created of Inflammatory Neurological Disorder.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 11 August 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/inflammation-stem-cell-7288/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]UCSD (2017, August 11). Novel Stem Cell-Derived Model Created of Inflammatory Neurological Disorder. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved August 11, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/inflammation-stem-cell-7288/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]UCSD “Novel Stem Cell-Derived Model Created of Inflammatory Neurological Disorder.” https://neurosciencenews.com/inflammation-stem-cell-7288/ (accessed August 11, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation
Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is an anti-viral enzyme that cleaves nucleic acids in the cytosol, preventing accumulation and a subsequent type I interferon-associated inflammatory response. Autoimmune diseases, including Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) and systemic lupus erythematosus, can arise when TREX1 function is compromised. AGS is a neuroinflammatory disorder with severe and persistent intellectual and physical problems. Here we generated a human AGS model that recapitulates disease-relevant phenotypes using pluripotent stem cells lacking TREX1. We observed abundant extrachromosomal DNA in TREX1-deficient neural cells, of which endogenous Long Interspersed Element-1 retrotransposons were a major source. TREX1-deficient neurons also exhibited increased apoptosis and formed three-dimensional cortical organoids of reduced size. TREX1-deficient astrocytes further contributed to the observed neurotoxicity through increased type I interferon secretion. In this model, reverse-transcriptase inhibitors rescued the neurotoxicity of AGS neurons and organoids, highlighting their potential utility in therapeutic regimens for AGS and related disorders.
“Modeling of TREX1-Dependent Autoimmune Disease using Human Stem Cells Highlights L1 Accumulation as a Source of Neuroinflammation” by Charles A. Thomas, Leon Tejwani, Cleber A. Trujillo, Priscilla D. Negraes, Roberto H. Herai, Pinar Mesci, Angela Macia, Yanick J. Crow, and Alysson R. Muotri in Cell Stem Cell. Published online August 10 2017 doi:10.1016/j.stem.2017.07.009
