Summary: A new twin study has identified specific gut bacteria that may contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. By comparing identical twins where only one has MS, researchers reduced confounding genetic and environmental factors and pinpointed 51 bacterial taxa with different abundances.
Using a mouse model, they found that gut bacteria from MS-affected twins could trigger MS-like symptoms, implicating Lachnoclostridium sp. and Eisenbergiella tayi as potential disease-causing microbes. These findings open a path to targeted gut-based therapies and emphasize the role of microbiome and lifestyle in MS development.
Key Facts:
- MS-Discordant Twins Used: Identical twins helped isolate microbial factors by minimizing genetic and lifestyle variation.
- Functional Evidence in Mice: Mice colonized with gut bacteria from MS patients developed MS-like symptoms.
- Two Microbes Implicated: Lachnoclostridium sp. and Eisenbergiella tayi emerged as potential MS triggers.
Source: Max Planck Institute
More than 280,000 people in Germany have multiple sclerosis (MS) and approximately 15,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.
This makes MS the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. In MS, the body’s own immune cells attack the insulating layer surrounding nerve fibers, damaging their function.
Depending on where attacks occur, a wide variety of symptoms can arise, which is why MS is also known as the disease of a thousand faces. Impaired vision, other sensory disturbances, and paralysis are just some of the symptoms that people living with MS must contend with.
Credit: Neuroscience News
Exactly how MS causes immune cells to become dysfunctional is still largely unclear. MS is a multifactorial disease—there is no single trigger, but rather several factors must come together for the disease to develop.
In addition to genetic components, various environmental factors such as smoking, vitamin D deficiency, certain infectious diseases, and especially microorganisms in the gut have all been linked to the development of MS.
Previous studies have identified numerous bacterial strains that distinguish the intestinal flora of MS patients from that of healthy individuals. However, the significance of these differences for the course of the disease remained unclear.
In addition, it was often difficult to interpret the results, as genetic differences or differing eating habits among the test subjects can have a major influence on the results.
Twin study reduces confounding factors
To minimize these confounding factors, a team from several research institutions launched a major collaborative project—with the help of twins. Although identical twins share nearly the same genetic makeup, in some MS cases one twin may develop the disease while the other remains symptom-free—known as an MS-discordant pair.
Around 100 such twin pairs are currently taking part in the MS TWIN STUDY at the Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology at the University Hospital of the LMU Munich, enabling the disease to be studied under more comparable conditions.
In addition to their minimal genetic differences, the twins lived together until early adulthood, meaning they were exposed to many of the same environmental factors.
Comparing the gut flora
The researchers examined stool samples from 81 pairs of twins enrolled in the MS TWIN STUDY, and compared their composition between siblings. They identified 51 taxa—groups of microorganisms—that differed in abundance between twins with and without MS symptoms.
In addition, the researchers went one step further in this study: Four of the twin pairs also agreed to have samples taken from their small intestines using enteroscopy. The disease-causing interactions between microorganisms and the body’s own immune cells are believed to occur there.
However, most previous studies have relied exclusively on stool samples, which provide only limited information about the microorganisms in the small intestine.
To test whether the samples from the small intestine contain disease-causing organisms, the researchers used special transgenic mice. These live a healthy life under germ-free conditions, however after colonization with gut bacteria, they can develop a MS-like disease.
As part of the study, the mice were given samples from a twin with or without MS in parallel. Symptoms were mainly observed in mice that had been colonized with MS samples, indicating the presence of disease-causing microorganisms in the small intestines of people with MS.
The researchers then examined the feces of the diseased mice and identified two members of the family of Lachnospiraceae (Lachnoclostridium sp. and Eisenbergiella tayi) as potential disease-causing factors. Due to their low abundance in the intestine, these bacteria had previously only been associated with MS in large and well-controlled studies.
However, with their innovative experimental strategy, the researchers were able for the first time to functionally characterize these bacteria and provide evidence for their pathogenicity.
The scientists emphasize that there may be other microorganisms with the potential to trigger MS. Further studies are needed to obtain a more comprehensive picture and to examine the pathogenicity of the two candidates identified so far in detail—initially in a mouse model of the disease and later also regarding the transferability of the results to humans.
However, if it turns out that only a small number of microorganisms trigger the disease, this could open up new therapeutic options. Strikingly, the study demonstrates the role that lifestyle habits play in the development of MS and provides new experimental strategies to further investigate their effects.
About this multiple sclerosis research news
Author: Christine Bielmeier
Source: Max Planck Institute
Contact: Christine Bielmeier – Max Planck Institute
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Multiple sclerosis and gut microbiota: Lachnospiraceae from the ileum of MS twins trigger MS-like disease in germfree transgenic mice—An unbiased functional study” by Hartmut Wekerle et al. PNAS
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and gut microbiota: Lachnospiraceae from the ileum of MS twins trigger MS-like disease in germfree transgenic mice—An unbiased functional study
We developed a two-tiered strategy aiming to identify gut bacteria functionally linked to the development of multiple sclerosis (MS).
First, we compared gut microbial profiles in a cohort of 81 monozygotic twins discordant for MS. This approach allowed to minimize confounding effects by genetic and early environmental factors and identified over 50 differently abundant taxa with the majority of increased taxa within the Firmicutes.
These included taxa previously described to be associated with MS (Anaerotruncus colihominis and Eisenbergiella tayi), along with newly identified taxa, such as Copromonas and Acutalibacter.
Second, we interrogated the intestinal habitat and functional impact of individual taxa on the development of MS-like disease. In an exploratory approach, we enteroscopically sampled microbiota from different gut segments of selected twin pairs and compared their compositional profiles.
To assess their functional potential, samples were orally transferred into germfree transgenic mice prone to develop spontaneous MS-like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon bacterial colonization.
We found that MS-derived ileal microbiota induced EAE at substantially higher rates than analogous material from healthy twin donors. Furthermore, female mice were more susceptible to disease development than males.
The likely active organisms were identified as Eisenbergiella tayi and Lachnoclostridium, members of the Lachnospiraceae family.
Our results identify potentially disease-facilitating bacteria sampled from the ileum of MS affected twins.
The experimental strategy may pave the way to functionally understand the role of gut microbiota in initiation of MS.
