Cancer Drug Restores Dopamine And Reduces Toxic Proteins in Parkinson’s and Dementia

Summary: Researchers report that a FDA approved drug to treat leukemia increases dopamine and reduces toxic proteins linked to disease progression in Parkison’s and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Source: Georgetown University Medical Center.

A small phase I study provides molecular evidence that an FDA-approved drug for leukemia significantly increased brain dopamine and reduced toxic proteins linked to disease progression in patients with Parkinson’s disease or dementia with Lewy bodies. Dopamine is the brain chemical (neurotransmitter) lost as a result of death of dopamine-producing neurons in these neurodegenerative diseases.

Researchers from Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC), say the findings, described in the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, support improved clinical outcomes observed and first reported at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting in October 2015.

The study tested nilotinib taken daily for six months. A much smaller dose of nilotinib (150 or 300 mg once daily) was used compared to the dose for chronic myelogenous leukemia (300-400 mg twice daily). Twelve patients were enrolled in the clinical trial — one patient withdrew due to an adverse event. Researchers say the drug appears to be safe and well tolerated in the remaining 11 participants who completed the study.

In addition to safety, the researchers also examined biological markers in the blood and cerebral spinal fluid as well as cognitive, motor and non-motor improvement. They found significant signs that nilotinib may provide benefit for patients with these neurodegenerative diseases.

These results need to be viewed with caution and further validated in larger placebo controlled trials, because this study was small, the patients were very different from each other, and there was no placebo,” says the study’s senior investigator, Charbel Moussa, MD, PhD, scientific and clinical research director of the GUMC Translational Neurotherpeutics Program.

Among the biomarker findings were that:

  • The level of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid — an indicator that dopamine is being produced — steadily doubled, even with the loss of most dopamine neurons. Most study participants were able to stop using, or reduce their use of, dopamine replacement therapies;
  • The level of the Parkinson’s related oxidative stress marker DJ-1 — an indicator that dopamine-producing neurons are dying — was reduced more than 50 percent after niltonib treatment; and
  • The levels of cell death markers (NSE, S100B and tau) were significantly reduced in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suggesting reduced neuronal cell death.

In addition, Moussa adds that it appears nilotinib attenuated the loss of CSF alpha-synuclein, a toxic protein that accumulates within neurons, resulting in reduced CSF levels in both Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.

The researchers also said that all 11 patients who tolerated the drug reported meaningful clinical improvements. All patients were at mid-advanced stages of Parkinsonism and they all had mild to severe cognitive impairment.

“Patients progressively improved in motor and cognitive functions as long as they were on the drug — despite the decreased use of dopamine replacement therapies in those participants with Parkinson’s and dementia with Lewy bodies,” says the study’s lead author, Fernando Pagan, MD, medical director of the GUMC Translational Neurotherpeutics Program and director of the Movement Disorders Program at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital (pictured left).

But three months after withdrawal of the drug, participants returned to the same reduced cognitive and motor state they had before the study began, Pagan adds.

Some serious side effects were reported including one patient who withdrew at week four of treatment due to heart attack and three incidents of urinary tract infection or pneumonia. The researchers say these incidents are not uncommon in this patient population, and additional studies are needed to determine if the adverse events are related to use of nilotinib.

“Long term safety of nilotinib is a priority, so it is important that further studies be conducted to determine the safest and most effective dose in Parkinson’s, says Pagan.

Image shows the chemical structure of nilotinib.
The study tested nilotinib taken daily for six months. A much smaller dose of nilotinib (150 or 300 mg once daily) was used compared to the dose for chronic myelogenous leukemia (300-400 mg twice daily). Twelve patients were enrolled in the clinical trial — one patient withdrew due to an adverse event. Researchers say the drug appears to be safe and well tolerated in the remaining 11 participants who completed the study. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

The researchers designed the clinical trial to translate several notable observations in the laboratory. The preclinical studies, led by Moussa, showed that nilotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, effectively penetrates the blood-brain barrier and destroys toxic proteins that build up in Parkinson’s disease and dementia by turning on the “garbage disposal machinery” inside neurons.

Their published studies also showed nilotinib increases the levels of the dopamine neurotransmitter — the chemical lost as a result of neuronal destruction due to toxic protein accumulation — and improves motor and cognitive outcomes in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease animal models.

“Our hope is to clarify the benefits of nilotinib to patients in a much larger and well controlled study. This was a very promising start,” Moussa says. “If these data hold out in further studies, nilotinib would be the most important treatment for Parkinsonism since the discovery of Levodopa almost 50 years ago.”

He adds, “Additionally, if we can validate nilotinib effects on cognition in upcoming larger and placebo controlled trials, this drug could become one of the first treatments for dementia with Lewy bodies, which has no cure, and possibly other dementias.”

Two randomized, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trials are planned for summer/fall in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. The Translational Neurotherpeutics Program is also planning a small trial in ALS (Lou Gherig’s disease).

According to Novartis, the cost (as of Oct. 2015) of nilotinib for the treatment of CML was about $10,360 a month for 800 mg daily. The dose used in this study was lower — 150 and 300 mg daily.

The phase I study received philanthropic funding and was supported by the Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science.

Moussa is listed as an inventor on a patent application that Georgetown University filed related to the use of nilotinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

About this Parkinson’s disease research article

Study co-authors include Ellen H. Valadez, MD; Yasar Tores-Yaghi, MD; Reversa R. Mills, MD; Barbara M., Wilmarth, NP; Hellen Howard, RN; Connell Dunn; Alexis Carlson; Sean L. Rogers, MD, PhD; and Ramsey (Drew) Falconer, MD; from the National Parkinson’s Foundation Center for Excellence, the Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, and the Movement Disorders Program at the MedStar Georgetown University Hospital; Michaeline Hebron, and Xu Huang, and Jaeil Ahn, PhD, Georgetown University Medical Center.

The researchers represent the MedStar Georgetown Movement Disorders Program, GUMC’s Translational Neurotherapeutics Program, the Laboratory for Dementia and Parkinsonism, the Georgetown-Howard Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science Clinical Research and the department of biostatistics.

Source: Georgetown University Medical Center
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Nilotinib Effects in Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies” by Fernando Pagan, Michaeline Hebron, Ellen H. Valadez, Yasar Tores-Yaghi, Xu Huang, Reversa R. Mills, Barbara M. Wilmarth, Hellen Howard, Connell Dunn, Alexis Carlson, Abigail Lawler, Sean L. Rogers, Ramsey (Drew) Falconer, Jaeil Ahn, Zhaoxia Li, and Charbel Moussa in Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. Published online July 11 2016 doi:10.3233/JPD-160867

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Georgetown University Medical Center. “Cancer Drug Restores Dopamine And Reduces Toxic Proteins in Parkinson’s and Dementia.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 12 July 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/dementia-parkinsons-dopmine-cancer-4672/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Georgetown University Medical Center. (2016, July 12). Cancer Drug Restores Dopamine And Reduces Toxic Proteins in Parkinson’s and Dementia. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved July 12, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/dementia-parkinsons-dopmine-cancer-4672/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Georgetown University Medical Center. “Cancer Drug Restores Dopamine And Reduces Toxic Proteins in Parkinson’s and Dementia.” https://neurosciencenews.com/dementia-parkinsons-dopmine-cancer-4672/ (accessed July 12, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Nilotinib Effects in Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies

Background: We evaluated the effects of low doses of the tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl) inhibitor Nilotinib, on safety and pharmacokinetics in Parkinson’s disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies.

Objectives: The primary outcomes of this study were safety and tolerability; pharmacokinetics and target engagement were secondary, while clinical outcomes were exploratory.

Methods: Twelve subjects were randomized into 150 mg (n = 5) or 300 mg (n = 7) groups and received Nilotinib orally every day for 24 weeks.

Results: This study shows that 150 mg and 300 mg doses of Nilotinib appear to be safe and tolerated in subjects with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Nilotinib is detectable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and seems to engage the target Abl. Motor and cognitive outcomes suggest a possible beneficial effect on clinical outcomes. The CSF levels of homovanillic acid are significantly increased between baseline and 24 weeks of treatment. Exploratory CSF biomarkers were measured.

Conclusions: This small proof-of-concept study lacks a placebo group and participants were not homogenous, resulting in baseline differences between and within groups. This limits the interpretations of the biomarker and clinical data, and any conclusions should be drawn cautiously. Nonetheless, the collective observations suggest that it is warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Nilotinib in larger randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.

“Nilotinib Effects in Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies” by Fernando Pagan, Michaeline Hebron, Ellen H. Valadez, Yasar Tores-Yaghi, Xu Huang, Reversa R. Mills, Barbara M. Wilmarth, Hellen Howard, Connell Dunn, Alexis Carlson, Abigail Lawler, Sean L. Rogers, Ramsey (Drew) Falconer, Jaeil Ahn, Zhaoxia Li, and Charbel Moussa in Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. Published online July 11 2016 doi:10.3233/JPD-160867

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