This image shows an outline of a younbg girl against an orange cloudy backdrop.
Impaired prediction skills would also help to explain why autistic children are often hypersensitive to sensory stimuli. Most people are able to become used to ongoing sensory stimuli such as background noises, because they can predict that the noise or other stimulus will probably continue, but autistic children have much more trouble habituating. Credit Jose-Luis Olivares/MIT.

Autism as a Disorder of Prediction

Researchers suggest autism stems from a reduced ability to make predictions, leading to anxiety.

Autism is characterized by many different symptoms: difficulty interacting with others, repetitive behaviors, and hypersensitivity to sound and other stimuli. MIT neuroscientists have put forth a new hypothesis that accounts for these behaviors and may provide a neurological foundation for many of the disparate features of the disorder.

The researchers suggest that autism may be rooted in an impaired ability to predict events and other people’s actions. From the perspective of the autistic child, the world appears to be a “magical” rather than an orderly place, because events seem to occur randomly and unpredictably. In this view, autism symptoms such as repetitive behavior, and an insistence on a highly structured environment, are coping strategies to help deal with this unpredictable world.

The researchers hope that this unifying theory, if validated, could offer new strategies for treating autism.
“At the moment, the treatments that have been developed are driven by the end symptoms. We’re suggesting that the deeper problem is a predictive impairment problem, so we should directly address that ability,” says Pawan Sinha, an MIT professor of brain and cognitive sciences and the lead author of a paper describing the hypothesis in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week.

“I don’t know what techniques would be most effective for improving predictive skills, but it would at least argue for the target of a therapy being predictive skills rather than other manifestations of autism,” he adds.

This image shows an outline of a younbg girl against an orange cloudy backdrop.
Impaired prediction skills would also help to explain why autistic children are often hypersensitive to sensory stimuli. Most people are able to become used to ongoing sensory stimuli such as background noises, because they can predict that the noise or other stimulus will probably continue, but autistic children have much more trouble habituating. Credit Jose-Luis Olivares/MIT.

The paper’s senior author is Richard Held, a professor emeritus in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. Other authors are research affiliates Margaret Kjelgaard and Sidney Diamond, postdoc Tapan Gandhi, technical associates Kleovoulos Tsourides and Annie Cardinaux, and research scientist Dimitrios Pantazis.

Dealing with an unpredictable world

Sinha and his colleagues first began thinking about prediction skills as a possible underpinning for autism based on reports from parents that their autistic children insist on a very controlled, predictable environment.

“The need for sameness is one of the most uniform characteristics of autism,” Sinha says. “It’s a short step away from that description to think that the need for sameness is another way of saying that the child with autism needs a very predictable setting.”

Most people can routinely estimate the probabilities of certain events, such as other people’s likely behavior, or the trajectory of a ball in flight. The MIT team began to think that autistic children may not have the same computational abilities when it comes to prediction.

This hypothesized deficit could produce several of the most common autism symptoms. For example, repetitive behaviors and insistence on rigid structure have been shown to soothe anxiety produced by unpredictability, even in individuals without autism.

“These may be proactive attempts on the part of the person to try to impose some structure on an environment that otherwise seems chaotic,” Sinha says.

Impaired prediction skills would also help to explain why autistic children are often hypersensitive to sensory stimuli. Most people are able to become used to ongoing sensory stimuli such as background noises, because they can predict that the noise or other stimulus will probably continue, but autistic children have much more trouble habituating.

“If we were unable to habituate to stimuli, then the world would become overwhelming very quickly. It’s like you can’t escape this cacophony that’s falling on your ears or that you’re observing,” Sinha says.

Autistic children also often have a reduced ability to understand another person’s thoughts, feelings, and motivations — a skill known as “theory of mind.” The MIT team believes this could result from an inability to predict another person’s behavior based on past interactions. People with autism have difficulty using this type of context, and tend to interpret behavior based only on what is happening in that very moment.

Leonard Rappaport, chief of the division of developmental medicine at Boston Children’s Hospital, says he believes the new theory is “a uniting concept that could lead us to new approaches to understanding the etiology and perhaps lead to completely new treatment paradigms for this complex disorder.”

“This is not the first theory to explain the complex of symptoms we see every day in our clinical programs, but it seems to explain more of what we see than other theories that explain individual symptoms,” says Rappaport, who was not involved in the research.

Timing is everything

The researchers believe that different children may show different symptoms of autism based on the timing of the predictive impairment.

“In the millisecond range, you would expect to have more of an impairment in language,” Sinha says. “In the tens of milliseconds range, it might be more of a motor impairment, and in the range of seconds, you would expect to see more of a social and planning impairment.”

The hypothesis also predicts that some cognitive skills — those based more on rules than on prediction — should remain unharmed, or even be enhanced, in autistic individuals. This includes tasks such as math, drawing, and music, which are often strengths for autistic children.

A few previous studies have tried to pinpoint which parts of the brain are involved in making predictions. So far, the strongest candidates are the basal ganglia, the nucleus accumbens, and the cerebellum — structures that are often structurally abnormal in autistic patients. “It’s a very tentative connection at the moment, but I think this is a fruitful line of inquiry for the future,” Sinha says.

Sinha’s team has already begun testing some elements of the prediction-deficit hypothesis. Initial results of one study suggest that autistic children do have an impairment in habituation to sensory stimuli; in another set of experiments, the researchers are testing autistic children’s ability to track moving objects, such as a ball. “The hypothesis is guiding us toward very concrete studies,” Sinha says. “We hope to enlist the participation of families and children touched by autism to help put the theory through its paces.”

Notes about this autism research

The research was funded by the Simons Center for the Social Brain at MIT and the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative.

Contact: Anne Trafton – MIT
Source: MIT press release
Image Source: The image is credited to Jose-Luis Olivares/MIT and is adapted from the press release
Original Research: Full open access research for “Autism as a disorder of prediction” by Pawan Sinha, Margaret M. Kjelgaard, Tapan K. Gandhi, Kleovoulos Tsourides, Annie L. Cardinaux, Dimitrios Pantazis, Sidney P. Diamond, and Richard M. Held in PNAS. Published online October 6 2014 doi:10.1073/pnas.1416797111

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  1. Clearly, these “researchers” never even thought of simply asking someone with autism.

    Or playing pool with an autistic for that matter.

    “From the perspective of the autistic child, the world appears to be a “magical” rather than an orderly place, because events seem to occur randomly and unpredictably.”
    Hardly, to you blind and deaf neurotypicals events seem random and unpredictable, you take no notice of the patterns in the whirring of the ventilation fans, the grains of the wooden desk, the lines in an idle doodle. I can see how every object in my bedroom might fall, and how securely each one is perched.

    We’re not bothered by disruption in our routines because we can’t predict what can happen. Rather, we’re bothered because we can see every thing that can go wrong.

    Predicting human behavior, that’s just math, any prediction is math, if we have the data we can plug the equations. It’s recognizing the significance of your body language, tone of voice, pheromonal signals, that we have trouble comprehending.

  2. Being on the spectrum myself, I view predictability as essential…as much as possible. I have always been able to imagine the outcome of being in the presence of children or dogs; screaming and barking guaranteed at some point. On the other hand, I could not predict or troubleshoot the consequence of making friends. I thought once someone liked me we were friends forever. I look ahead online to determine when my town (and surrounding areas) will have firework displays so I am prepared ahead of time and can make necessary adjustments. I think role-playing would have helped me if autism would have “existed” back in the 1980’s. Back then, it was just bad behavior.

  3. This is an extremely interesting article and hypothesis. May I suggest something to researchers of autism everywhere…..There is an entire aging population of kids with an autism diagnosis who reduced the symptoms in many ways. There are 8-10 year olds who can communicate what it felt like before being pulled thru the window. You may find answers when you go to the source. I know as a mom I learned a lot from the thoughts pre-free To interview these children or there parents may increase effective research! :)peace

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