Summary: People with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have abnormally low levels of specific health-promoting gut bacterial species than those without the disorders.
Source: NIH
Researchers have found differences in the gut microbiomes of people with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) compared to healthy controls.
Findings from two studies, published in Cell Host & Microbe and funded by the National Institutes of Health add to growing evidence that connects disruptions in the gut microbiome, the complete collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in our gastrointestinal system, to ME/CFS.
“The microbiome has emerged as a potential contributor to ME/CFS. These findings provide unique insights into the role the microbiome plays in the disease and suggest that certain differences in gut microbes could serve as biomarkers for ME/CFS,” said Vicky Whittemore, Ph.D., program director at NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
ME/CFS is a serious, chronic, and debilitating disease characterized by a range of symptoms, including fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep disturbance, cognitive difficulties, pain, and gastrointestinal issues. The causes of the disease are unknown and there are no treatments.
In one study, senior author Brent L. Williams, Ph.D., assistant professor, W. Ian Lipkin, M.D., John Snow Professor of Epidemiology and director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, in New York City, and their collaborators analyzed the genetic makeup of gut bacteria in fecal samples collected from a geographically diverse cohort of 106 people with ME/CFS and 91 healthy controls.
The results revealed key differences in microbiome diversity, quantity, metabolic pathways, and interactions between species of gut bacteria.
Dr. Williams and his colleagues found that people with ME/CFS had abnormally low levels of several bacterial species compared to healthy controls, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) and Eubacterium rectale.
These health-promoting bacteria produce a short chain fatty acid called butyrate, a bacterial metabolite, or by-product, that plays an important role in maintaining gut health. An acetate-producing bacterium was also reduced in samples obtained from people with ME/CFS.
More detailed metabolomic analyses confirmed that a reduction in these bacteria was associated with reduced butyrate production in ME/CFS. Butyrate is the primary energy source for cells that line the gut, providing up to 70% of their energy requirements, support for the gut immune system, and protection against diseases of the digestive tract.
Butyrate, tryptophan, and other metabolites detected in the blood are important for regulating immune, metabolic, and endocrine functions.
While species of butyrate-producing bacteria decreased, there were increased levels of nine other species in ME/CFS, including Enterocloster bolteae and Ruminococcus gnavus, which are associated with autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel disease, respectively.
Dr. Williams’ group also reported that an abundance of F. prausnitzii was inversely associated with fatigue severity in ME/CFS, suggesting a possible link between gut bacteria and disease symptoms. More research is needed to determine if differences in the gut microbiome are a consequence or cause of symptoms.
The findings indicate that imbalances in these 12 species of bacteria could be used as biomarkers for ME/CFS classification, potentially providing consistent, measurable targets to improve diagnosis.
The gut microbiome is an ecosystem with complex interactions between bacteria, where microbes can exchange or compete for nutrients, metabolites, or other molecular signals.
Researchers found notable differences in the network of species interactions in people with ME/CFS—including unique interactions between F. prausnitzii and other species. This indicates that there is an extensive rewiring of bacterial networks in ME/CFS.
“In addition to differences in individual species in ME/CFS, focusing a lens on community interaction dynamics may add greater specificity to the broad definition of dysbiosis, distinguishing between other diseases in which the gut microbiome becomes imbalanced,” said Dr. Williams.
“This is also important for generating new testable hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms and mediators of dysbiosis in ME/CFS and may eventually inform strategies to correct these imbalances.”
A balanced microbiome is also essential for a variety of neural systems, especially immune regulation and coupling between energy metabolism and blood supply in the brain, as well as the function of the nerves that supply the gut.
In another study at the Jackson Laboratory in Farmington, Connecticut, Julia Oh, Ph.D., associate professor, and Derya Unutmaz, M.D., professor, teamed up with other ME/CFS experts to study microbiome abnormalities in different phases of ME/CFS.
Dr. Oh’s team collected and analyzed clinical data, fecal samples, and blood samples from 149 people with ME/CFS who had been diagnosed within the previous four years (74 short-term) or who had been diagnosed more than 10 years ago (75 long-term) and 79 healthy controls.
The results showed that the short-term group had less microbial diversity, while the long-term group established a stable, but individualized gut microbiome similar to healthy controls.
Dr. Oh and her colleagues found lower levels of several butyrate-producing species, including F. prausnitzii, especially in the short-term participants. There was also a reduction in species associated with tryptophan metabolism in all ME/CFS participants compared to controls.
Dr. Oh’s group also collected detailed clinical and lifestyle data from participants. By combining these data with genetic and metabolome data, the team developed a way to accurately classify and differentiate ME/CFS from healthy controls. Using this approach, they found that individuals with long-term ME/CFS had a more balanced microbiome but showed more severe clinical symptoms and progressive metabolic irregularities compared to the other groups.
Both studies identify potential biomarkers for ME/CFS, which may inform diagnostic tests and disease classification. Understanding the connection between disturbances in the gut microbiome and ME/CFS may also guide the development of new therapeutics.
Additional research is required to learn more about the pathophysiological implications of butyrate and other metabolite deficiencies in ME/CFS. Future studies will determine how gut microbe disturbances contribute to symptoms, including changes during disease progression.
Funding: The studies were funded in part by the NIH’s ME/CFS Collaborative Research Network, a consortium supported by multiple institutes and centers at NIH, consisting of three collaborative research centers and a data management coordinating center.
The research network was established in 2017 to help advance research on ME/CFS. The research was supported by NINDS grant U54NS105539, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grants U54AI138370 and R56AI120724, and anonymous donors through the Crowdfunding Microbe Discovery Project.
About this microbiome and ME/CFS research news
Author: Nina Lichtenberg
Source: NIH
Contact: Nina Lichtenberg – NIH
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Open access.
“Deficient butyrate-producing capacity in the gut microbiome is associated with bacterial network disturbances and fatigue symptoms in ME/CFS” by Guo, et al. Cell Host & Microbe
Open access.
“Multi-‘omics of host-microbiome interactions in short- and long-term Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)” by Xiong, et al. Cell Host & Microbe
Abstract
Deficient butyrate-producing capacity in the gut microbiome is associated with bacterial network disturbances and fatigue symptoms in ME/CFS
Highlights
- ME/CFS patients have substantial gut microbiome dysbiosis
- Bacterial abundances, functions, SCFAs and species interactions deviate in ME/CFS
- Reduced F. prausnitzii and E. rectale in ME/CFS may contribute to butyrate deficiency
- Low F. prausnitzii abundance correlates with more severe fatigue symptoms in ME/CFS
Summary
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is characterized by unexplained debilitating fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, and orthostatic intolerance.
Here, we report a multi-omic analysis of a geographically diverse cohort of 106 cases and 91 healthy controls that revealed differences in gut microbiome diversity, abundances, functional pathways, and interactions. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale, which are both recognized as abundant, health-promoting butyrate producers in the human gut, were reduced in ME/CFS.
Functional metagenomics, qPCR, and metabolomics of fecal short-chain fatty acids confirmed a deficient microbial capacity for butyrate synthesis. Microbiome-based machine learning classifier models were robust to geographic variation and generalizable in a validation cohort. The abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was inversely associated with fatigue severity.
These findings demonstrate the functional nature of gut dysbiosis and the underlying microbial network disturbance in ME/CFS, providing possible targets for disease classification and therapeutic trials.
Abstract
Multi-‘omics of host-microbiome interactions in short- and long-term Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)
Highlights
- Multi-‘omics identified phenotypic, gut microbial, and metabolic biomarkers for ME/CFS
- Reduced gut microbial diversity and increased plasma sphingomyelins in ME/CFS
- Short-term patients had more severe gut microbial dysbiosis with decreased butyrate
- Long-term patients had more significant metabolic and clinical aberrations
Summary
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex, debilitating disorder manifesting as severe fatigue and post-exertional malaise. The etiology of ME/CFS remains elusive.
Here, we present a deep metagenomic analysis of stool combined with plasma metabolomics and clinical phenotyping of two ME/CFS cohorts with short-term (<4 years, n = 75) or long-term disease (>10 years, n = 79) compared with healthy controls (n = 79).
First, we describe microbial and metabolomic dysbiosis in ME/CFS patients. Short-term patients showed significant microbial dysbiosis, while long-term patients had largely resolved microbial dysbiosis but had metabolic and clinical aberrations. Second, we identified phenotypic, microbial, and metabolic biomarkers specific to patient cohorts.
These revealed potential functional mechanisms underlying disease onset and duration, including reduced microbial butyrate biosynthesis and a reduction in plasma butyrate, bile acids, and benzoate.
In addition to the insights derived, our data represent an important resource to facilitate mechanistic hypotheses of host-microbiome interactions in ME/CFS.
