Summary: Study identifies a key role the brainstem neurotensinergic neurons play in non-REM sleep regulation.
Source: University of Tsukuba
Mammals experience rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep. While the hypothalamus and brainstem are known to be a critical regulators of sleep, the precise mechanism is not fully understood. New work in mice has found that a widely distributed network of neurotensinergic neurons regulates NREM sleep, which also implicates a critical role of the neuropeptide neurotensin.
A normal sleep architecture is crucial for physical and cognitive health, and disruption of REM/NREM sleep can therefore have serious consequences. While several brain areas including the hypothalamus are known to be essential for NREM sleep, comparatively little is known about how the brainstem controls NREM sleep. Previous work has found that a subregion of the brainstem, the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SubLDT), regulates both REM and NREM sleep. Researchers at the University of Tsukuba therefore targeted this area to identify NREM sleep-promoting neurons, and found that a wide network of neurotensin-producing neurons is involved in NREM sleep regulation. The article was published in Current Biology last month.
“Using microarray analyses, we measured the expression levels of several genes in the mouse SubLDT,” says Associate Professor Yu Hayashi, corresponding and last author of the study. “A subset of these SubLDT neurons had a high, selective expression of the gene Nts, which encodes the neuropeptide neurotensin. Artificial activation of these SubLDT neurons promoted NREM sleep, which confirmed the role of Nts-expressing neurons in NREM sleep.”
NREM sleep-promoting neurons were also found in three other brainstem structures that have not previously been proven to be involved in sleep regulation (the dorsal deep mesencephalic nucleus, periaqueductal gray, and medial vestibular nucleus). Neurons in these regions also expressed Nts. Furthermore, direct administration of neurotensin itself induced NREM sleep-like brain activity.
“Our findings not only provide insights about brainstem involvement in NREM sleep promotion, but also highlight the key role of neurotensin,” says Mitsuaki Kashiwagi, first author. “It will be interesting to see whether Nts-expressing neurons contribute to the co-ordination between sleep and other known functions of neurotensin signaling, such as pain and metabolism. The response of Nts-expressing neurons also differed according to the time of day, so the influence of the circadian rhythm on these neurons should be studied.”
More broadly, these results could tell us something about the evolution of the complex sleep architecture of mammals. Future work could examine whether similar Nts¬-expressing neurons are also present in vertebrates, which do not experience REM and NREM sleep.
Source:
University of Tsukuba
Media Contacts:
Naoko Yamashina – University of Tsukuba
Image Source:
The image is credited to University of Tsukuba.
Original Research: Closed access
“Widely Distributed Neurotensinergic Neurons in the Brainstem Regulate NREM Sleep in Mice”. Yu Hayashi et al.
Current Biology doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.047.
Abstract
Widely Distributed Neurotensinergic Neurons in the Brainstem Regulate NREM Sleep in Mice
Highlights
• SubLDT neurons positive for the neuropeptide neurotensin promote NREM sleep
• Putative target neurons identified in dDpMe, lPAG, and MVe also promote NREM sleep
• These neurons in dDpMe, lPAG, and MVe are also neurotensinergic
• Neurotensin is involved in sleep regulation
Summary
Classical transection studies suggest that, in addition to the hypothalamus, the brainstem is essential for non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The circuits underlying this function, however, have remained largely unknown. We identified a circuit distributed in the midbrain, pons, and medulla that promotes NREM sleep in mice. We focused on the sublaterodorsal tegmentum, an area implicated in dual regulation of REM and NREM sleep. Transcriptomic and genetic analyses revealed that neurons positive for the neuropeptide neurotensin promote NREM sleep. Further analyses identified downstream NREM sleep-promoting neurons in the dorsal deep mesencephalic nucleus, the lateral part of the periaqueductal gray, and the medial vestibular nucleus that were also neurotensinergic. Infusion of neurotensin into the fourth ventricle induced NREM sleep-like cortical activity, whereas mice deficient for neurotensin exhibited increased REM sleep, implicating the involvement of the neuropeptide itself. These findings identify a widely distributed NREM sleep-regulating circuit in the brainstem with a common molecular property.
