Summary: New studies find a drug designed to combat the gene that causes SCA2 could also be beneficial in the fight against ALS.
Source: NIH/NINDS.
NIH-funded preclinical studies suggest designer drug may treat ALS and spinocerebellar ataxia 2.
In two studies of mice, researchers showed that a drug, engineered to combat the gene that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), might also be used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Both studies were published in the journal Nature with funding from National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health.
“Our results provide hope that we may one day be able to treat these devastating disorders,” said Stefan M. Pulst, M.D., Dr. Med., University of Utah, professor and chair of neurology and a senior author of one the studies. In 1996, Dr. Pulst and other researchers discovered that mutations in the ataxin 2 gene cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, a fatal inherited disorder that primarily damages a part of the brain called the cerebellum, causing patients to have problems with balance, coordination, walking and eye movements.
For this study his team found that they could reduce problems associated with SCA2 by injecting mouse brains with a drug programmed to silence the ataxin 2 gene. In the accompanying study, researchers showed that injections of the same type of drug into the brains of mice prevented early death and neurological problems associated with ALS, a paralyzing and often fatal disorder.
“Surprisingly, the ataxin 2 gene may act as a master key to unlocking treatments for ALS and other neurological disorders,” said Aaron Gitler, Ph.D., Stanford University, associate professor and senior author of the second study. In 2010, Dr. Gitler and colleagues discovered a link between ataxin 2 mutations and ALS.
The type of drug they used is called an antisense oligonucleotide. Like an incomplete row of teeth on a zipper, these drugs are short sequences of DNA designed to bind to a portion of a gene’s instructions carried by a molecule called messenger RNA. This stops cells from manufacturing proteins, a process known as gene silencing.
“Our antisense oligonucleotides prevent cells from reading the blueprint for the ataxin 2 gene,” said Daniel R. Scoles, M.D., University of Utah and the lead author of the SCA2 study.
An antisense oligonucleotide drug has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating spinal muscular atrophy, a hereditary disorder that causes arm and leg muscle weakness and deterioration in children. Researchers are conducting early phase clinical trials on the safety and effectiveness of gene silencing drugs to treat several neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease and an inherited form of ALS.
“Antisense oligonucleotides provide researchers with a promising tool for studying the underlying causes of many disorders and developing gene-targeting treatments,” said Amelie Gubitz, Ph.D., program director at NINDS.
Mutations in ataxin 2 that are associated with SCA2 cause the gene to have polyglutamine expansions, strings of repeated copies of the three letter genetic code, CAG, which stands for the amino acid glutamine. On average, symptoms appear earlier and are more severe for patients who have longer strings. People who have only 27-33 repeats will not develop SCA2 but have an increased risk for ALS.
Dr. Pulst’s team worked with a pharmaceutical company to develop antisense oligonucleotides that silence the ataxin 2 gene rather than the CAG repeats. They then tested oligonucleotides on two lines of mice genetically engineered to have problems associated with SCA2 by programming neurons in the cerebellum to make mutant ataxin 2.
In both lines, the oligonucleotides appeared to be effective. Mice injected with the drug were able to walk on a rotating rod longer than mice that received a placebo. Electrical recordings showed the drug restored the firing patterns of neurons in the cerebellum to normal. In addition to reducing ataxin 2 gene levels, the researchers found that the drug also restored the levels of several genes that appear to be decreased by mutant ataxin 2.
Meanwhile, Dr. Gitler’s team used different mice to test the idea of combating ALS by silencing ataxin 2. These mice were genetically modified to manufacture high levels of the human version of TDP-43, a protein that normally regulates genes. The researchers investigated these mice because neurons from ALS patients often contain toxic clusters of TDP-43. The mice rapidly develop problems with walking and die early. Previous studies on yeast and flies by Dr. Gitler’s team and his collaborators have suggested that mutant ataxin 2 may control the toxicity of TDP-43.
Compared to placebo, injections of the antisense oligonucleotides into the nervous system of the newborn mice extended their median lifespan by 35 percent and improved their ability to walk, while lowering ataxin 2 gene levels in the brain and spinal cord.
The researchers saw similar results when they eliminated ataxin 2 by crossbreeding the TDP-43 mice with mice that are genetically programmed to have no ataxin 2 gene. The offspring lived longer and walked better than the TDP-43 mice. The brains of the offspring also had fewer toxic TDP-43 clusters than the TDP-43 mice.
“Many years of research on yeast and flies laid the ground work for these exciting results,” said Daniel Miller, Ph.D., program director NINDS. “They demonstrate that rigorous studies on simple disease models can lead to powerful insights that help us understand and potentially treat seemingly untreatable disorders.”
Drs. Pulst and Gitler agreed that more research needs to be done before the types of antisense oligonucleotides their teams used can be tested in patients. Both labs are currently taking the next steps by conducting further preclinical experiments.
Funding: This study was supported by grants from the NINDS (NS033123, NS073009, NS081182, NS090930, NS065317, NS093865, NS073660, NS069375), Target ALS Foundation, the Robert Packard Center for ALS Research at Johns Hopkins, the Glenn Foundation, and the DFG. Ionis Pharmaceuticals supplied the authors with all of the antisense oligonucleotides in the described work.
Source: Christopher G. Thomas – NIH/NINDS
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to NIH/NINDS.
Original Research: Abstract for “Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2” byDaniel R. Scoles, Pratap Meera, Matthew D. Schneider, Sharan Paul, Warunee Dansithong, Karla P. Figueroa, Gene Hung, Frank Rigo, C. Frank Bennett, Thomas S. Otis & Stefan M. Pulst in Nature. Published online April 12 2017 doi:10.1038/nature22044
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]NIH/NINDS “Gene Silencing Shows Promise For Treating ALS and SCA2.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 12 April 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/gene-silencing-als-sca2-6401/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]NIH/NINDS (2017, April 12). Gene Silencing Shows Promise For Treating ALS and SCA2. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved April 12, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/gene-silencing-als-sca2-6401/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]NIH/NINDS “Gene Silencing Shows Promise For Treating ALS and SCA2.” https://neurosciencenews.com/gene-silencing-als-sca2-6401/ (accessed April 12, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2
There are no disease-modifying treatments for adult human neurodegenerative diseases. Here we test RNA-targeted therapies1 in two mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), an autosomal dominant polyglutamine disease2. Both models recreate the progressive adult-onset dysfunction and degeneration of a neuronal network that are seen in patients, including decreased firing frequency of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a decline in motor function3, 4. We developed a potential therapy directed at the ATXN2 gene by screening 152 antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). The most promising oligonucleotide, ASO7, downregulated ATXN2 mRNA and protein, which resulted in delayed onset of the SCA2 phenotype. After delivery by intracerebroventricular injection to ATXN2-Q127 mice, ASO7 localized to Purkinje cells, reduced cerebellar ATXN2 expression below 75% for more than 10 weeks without microglial activation, and reduced the levels of cerebellar ATXN2. Treatment of symptomatic mice with ASO7 improved motor function compared to saline-treated mice. ASO7 had a similar effect in the BAC-Q72 SCA2 mouse model, and in both mouse models it normalized protein levels of several SCA2-related proteins expressed in Purkinje cells, including Rgs8, Pcp2, Pcp4, Homer3, Cep76 and Fam107b. Notably, the firing frequency of Purkinje cells returned to normal even when treatment was initiated more than 12 weeks after the onset of the motor phenotype in BAC-Q72 mice. These findings support ASOs as a promising approach for treating some human neurodegenerative diseases.
“Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for spinocerebellar ataxia type 2” byDaniel R. Scoles, Pratap Meera, Matthew D. Schneider, Sharan Paul, Warunee Dansithong, Karla P. Figueroa, Gene Hung, Frank Rigo, C. Frank Bennett, Thomas S. Otis & Stefan M. Pulst in Nature. Published online April 12 2017 doi:10.1038/nature22044
