Summary: The protein Yap1 plays a key role in the generation of new neurons in the hippocampus. However, tight regulation of Yap1 activity is essential as dysregulation causes the disruption of tissue seen in glioblastoma brain cancer.
Source: King’s College London
A new publication released today in The EMBO Journal identified a key protein in the molecular mechanism triggering neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
They found that tight regulation of Yap1 activity is essential as dysregulation can cause tissue disruption seen in the early stages of brain cancer.
Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs) in the brain. Neurogenesis is a crucial process in embryo development, but it also continues in some brain regions after birth and all throughout adulthood. In adulthood, neurogenesis is mainly responsible for brain plasticity.
In the adult hippocampus, a brain area responsible for memory and learning, most stem cells are held at quiescence. This reversible pause protects stem cells against damage and controls the rate of neurogenesis. When necessary, the stem cells can be taken off this pause to undergo activation. The mechanisms controlling quiescence and activation are still not fully understood.
The researchers in the Center for Developmental Neurobiology sought to understand the mechanism underlying neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Upon analyzing RNA sequencing data, they found that Yap1 is enriched in activated NSCs. This observation prompted an in-depth investigation into the role of Yap1.
They used primary cell culture from adult hippocampal tissue, a proven model to study the transition between NSCs states of quiescence and activation. They confirmed that the transfer of Yap1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus accompanies NSCs activation, with the reverse occurring as the NSCs return to quiescence.
They then looked for the consequences of abnormal Yap1 protein level in vivo. Even though the short-term effect was small, deleting the Yap1 protein decreased NSCs activation long term. This confirms NSCs activation is influenced by Yap1, with other compensatory mechanisms yet to be identified.
The next step was to observe the consequences of Yap1 overexpression. Interestingly, overexpressing Yap1 does not induce activation, indicating the presence of very tight upstream control. To overrule this control, they overexpressed a mutant Yap1 protein that is resistant to phosphorylation, a type of protein modification. They observed that this does promote activation, indicating that phosphorylation is involved in the upstream control mechanism of Yap1.
The overexpression of this mutant Yap1 protein also induces the expression of other proteins which have been implicated in glioblastoma. This type of brain tumor is known to be fast-growing and very aggressive. In fact, the long-term expression of mutant Yap1 caused massive disruption of brain tissue. This discovery suggests that loss of Yap1 control could be a key step in the initiation of brain tumor.
The authors noted that this discovery warrants further investigation into Yap1 in adult neurogenesis, especially during aging and brain cancer.
“We hope our study helps lift the veil of mystery surrounding the mechanisms that control neural stem cell activity in the adult and especially the aging brain and may allow us to develop new strategies to defeat deadly brain cancer stem cells,” said Professor Benedikt Berninger, the lead author of the study.
About this neuroscience research news
Author: Press Office
Source: King’s College London
Contact: Press Office – King’s College London
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Open access.
“The transcriptional co‐activator Yap1 promotes adult hippocampal neural stem cell activation” by Wenqiang Fan et al. EMBO Journal
Abstract
The transcriptional co‐activator Yap1 promotes adult hippocampal neural stem cell activation
Most adult hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) remain quiescent, with only a minor portion undergoing active proliferation and neurogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that trigger the transition from quiescence to activation are still poorly understood.
Here, we found the activity of the transcriptional co-activator Yap1 to be enriched in active NSCs. Genetic deletion of Yap1 led to a significant reduction in the relative proportion of active NSCs, supporting a physiological role of Yap1 in regulating the transition from quiescence to activation.
Overexpression of wild-type Yap1 in adult NSCs did not induce NSC activation, suggesting tight upstream control mechanisms, but overexpression of a gain-of-function mutant (Yap1-5SA) elicited cell cycle entry in NSCs and hilar astrocytes. Consistent with a role of Yap1 in NSC activation, single cell RNA sequencing revealed a partial induction of an activated NSC gene expression program.
Furthermore, Yap1-5SA expression also induced expression of Taz and other key components of the Yap/Taz regulon that were previously identified in glioblastoma stem cell-like cells.
Consequently, dysregulated Yap1 activity led to repression of hippocampal neurogenesis, aberrant cell differentiation, and partial acquisition of a glioblastoma stem cell-like signature.
