Summary: Early life stress alone impairs hippocampal development. Stress, in addition to maternal mistreatment within the first few weeks of life, also hinders amygdala development.
Source: NYU Langone Health
A new study in rats shows the extent of brain damage in newborn rodents from even short-term abuse by their mother.
Past studies in animals and humans have established how a mother’s abuse can lead to brain shrinkage in her infants’ amygdala and hippocampus, parts of the brain that process fear and memory, researchers say.
The new study, led by researchers from NYU School of Medicine, goes even further, say its authors, to pull apart the effects of abusive parenting from the related stress that follows it. Together, both can negatively impact the growth and development of the infant brain, researchers say.
The study shows how the stress from abuse was sufficient on its own to damage the hippocampus, while the pairing of stress with the presence of an abusive mother was required to restrict growth of the amygdala and to prompt her pups to unnaturally keep their distance and limit their time spent together.
“Our study further unravels the complexity of an abusive mother’s relationship to their child, especially during the pivotal first weeks of life when they are bonding,” says study senior investigator Regina M. Sullivan, PhD, a professor in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at NYU Langone Health. “The results explain two key consequences of abusive parenting and how presence of the abusive parent can trigger related behavioral problems beyond just the stress it creates in the infant.”
Publishing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) online Oct. 21, the study analyzed the social behaviors and brains of rat pups that had been exposed to a week of daily rough handling in their nest by their mothers. These results were then compared with those of rat pups that had been injected with just stress-inducing drugs when left alone with a nurturing mother, an anesthetized mother showing no maternal behavior, or a still object. The investigators induced the rough handling by withholding sufficient nesting materials new rodent mothers normally find in the wild, which is a common technique for recreating abusive behavior.
Among the study’s key findings, abused infants were hesitant to stay with the mother and nurse, and did so for shorter periods of time whether their mother was awake or not. These effects were replicated when researchers injected unabused, normal pups with the stress hormone corticosterone. Moreover, the negative impact from abuse could largely be blunted by chemically blocking corticosterone action in the infant brain and by exposing stressed pups to nonabusive mothers.
“Mothers and other close caregivers have special access to the infant brain and consistent abuse, if left to continue, may do lasting damage,” says Sullivan. “But our findings also suggest that mothers or their surrogates have the innate ability to help mitigate the damage through good parenting,” Sullivan adds.
Study researchers caution that their research results need not worry caregivers who have caused stress in their baby a few times. Sullivan says the evidence suggests it takes more than a few isolated instances of stress to cause long-lasting damage to a child’s brain. Some level of stress hormones, she adds, are needed for healthy brain growth and development.
Moving forward, the researchers say they next plan to study specific effects of other hormones released by an infant rat during a stressful situation, designed to recreate living with insufficient resources for child rearing, such as housing, food insecurity, or lack of access to their mother.
Funding: Funding for the study was provided by National Institutes of Health grants F32MH112232, T32MH019524, and R37HD083217, and a Brain and Behavior Research Foundation NARSAD Young Investigator grant.
In addition to Sullivan, other NYU Langone researchers include Maya Opendak, PhD; Emma Sarro, PhD; Ashleigh Showler; Kevin Bui; and Donald A. Wilson, PhD. Other researchers include Charlis Raineki, PhD, at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver; and Bruce S. McEwen, PhD, at Rockefeller University in New York.
Source:
NYU Langone Health
Media Contacts:
David March – NYU Langone Health
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Closed access
“During infant maltreatment, stress targets hippocampus, but stress with mother present targets amygdala and social behavior”. Charlis Raineki, Maya Opendak, Emma Sarro, Ashleigh Showler, Kevin Bui, Bruce S. McEwen, Donald A. Wilson, and Regina M. Sullivan.
PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1907170116.
Abstract
During infant maltreatment, stress targets hippocampus, but stress with mother present targets amygdala and social behavior
Infant maltreatment increases vulnerability to physical and mental disorders, yet specific mechanisms embedded within this complex infant experience that induce this vulnerability remain elusive. To define critical features of maltreatment-induced vulnerability, rat pups were reared from postnatal day 8 (PN8) with a maltreating mother, which produced amygdala and hippocampal deficits and decreased social behavior at PN13. Next, we deconstructed the maltreatment experience to reveal sufficient and necessary conditions to induce this phenotype. Social behavior and amygdala deficits (volume, neurogenesis, c-Fos, local field potential) required combined chronic high corticosterone and maternal presence (not maternal behavior). Hippocampal deficits were induced by chronic high corticosterone regardless of social context. Causation was shown by blocking corticosterone during maltreatment and suppressing amygdala activity during social behavior testing. These results highlight (1) that early life maltreatment initiates multiple pathways to pathology, each with distinct causal mechanisms and outcomes, and (2) the importance of social presence on brain development.
