Reading is a Team Lift As Different Brain Parts Work Together to Predict Proficiency

Summary: Researchers report the extent sensory specific parts of the brain connect functionally as a network during child development can help to predict their reading proficiency.

Source: University at Buffalo.

Here’s a sentence. Got it? You just involuntarily transformed symbols on a screen into sounds in your head. Or to put it another way, you read it. That seems simple enough, but moving from what letters look like to what they sound like is a complex multisensory task that requires cooperation among brain areas specialized for visual and auditory processing.

Researchers call this collection of specialized brain regions that map letters to sounds (or phonemes) the reading network. The extent to which these sensory-specific parts of the brain are able to connect as a network, not necessarily anatomically, but functionally, during a child’s development predicts their reading proficiency, according to a new neuroimaging study from the University at Buffalo.

This developmental shift integrates previously segregated parts of the brain, suggesting that changes in reading skill are associated with the nature and degree of these changes to the neural pathways within the reading network. The results could help educators devise teaching methods that encourage more interactive operation of these areas. “As children learn how to read, the brain rewires itself so that it goes from having one area working on visual matters and another working on auditory matters to the two areas working together as a cohesive unit,” says Chris McNorgan, an assistant professor of psychology at UB and co-author of the research published in a special edition of Frontiers in Psychology focusing on audio-visual processing in reading.

There is no one reading area of the brain. Written language developed roughly 5,000 years ago, far too recently in evolutionary history to have part of the brain dedicated to reading. “But we have inherited and repurposed specialized brain circuits from our ancient ancestors,” says McNorgan. “They had to recognize objects, so there’s inherently a part of our brain circuitry adapted for identifying the sorts of things necessary for discriminating between letters. The auditory part of the brain is good at recognizing speech sounds.” Mastering both written and spoken forms of language requires one part of the brain to map to another, the nominally visual with the nominally auditory.

Participants in the study who demonstrated the best development as readers had the greatest change from previously isolated to later interactive areas of the brain.

McNorgan and his colleagues used functional MRI (fMRI), a technology that measures and maps brain activity, for their functional connectivity study.

Anatomical connectivity refers to white matter tracks that physically connect parts of the brain, but functional connectivity (which often tracks anatomical connectivity) considers separate brain areas that seem to become active at the same time when responding to a specific task.

The researchers worked with 19 English-speaking participants, tracking the group at two time points: ages 8-11 and 11-13.

They measured participant reading skill at both time points by assessing their ability to read a series of pseudo-words. A pseudo-words, such as “glarp,” is pronounceable string of letters that isn’t a real word. Pseudo-word reading skill is a useful measure of reading skill because they force participants to use the rules of language to work out the pronunciation rather than rely on previous reading experience for identification.

a woman reading
After reading skill was assessed, participants performed a rhyming judgment task in the fMRI scanner, where they decided whether pairs of sequentially displayed words rhymed, which required them to continuously map written words to sounds. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

After reading skill was assessed, participants performed a rhyming judgment task in the fMRI scanner, where they decided whether pairs of sequentially displayed words rhymed, which required them to continuously map written words to sounds.

Using data from the fMRI, McNorgan, doctoral advisor to the study’s lead author Gregory J. Smith, a UB graduate student and co-author, and James R. Booth, a professor at Vanderbilt University, determined which brains areas are connected during the reading task.

Using techniques borrowed from the same branch of mathematics that measure how other types of real-world networks function, the researchers were able to measure cross talk in the patterns of interaction among the regions of the brain comprising the reading network.

“This is fascinating because it falls in nicely with previous research on what’s going on in a child’s mind as they learn to read,” says McNorgan. “Developmentally, children start to have more cross talk between their sound processing areas and visual processing areas. They’re mutually reinforcing each other. If they’re not getting this input then children are having difficulty reading.”

About this neuroscience research article

Source: University at Buffalo
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access research for “Longitudinal Task-Related Functional Connectivity Changes Predict Reading Development” by Gregory J. Smith, James R. Booth, and Chris McNorgan in Frontiers in Psychology. Published September 19 2018.
doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01754

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]University at Buffalo”Reading is a Team Lift As Different Brain Parts Work Together to Predict Proficiency.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 3 October 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/reading-proficiency-brain-networks-9953/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]University at Buffalo(2018, October 3). Reading is a Team Lift As Different Brain Parts Work Together to Predict Proficiency. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved October 3, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/reading-proficiency-brain-networks-9953/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]University at Buffalo”Reading is a Team Lift As Different Brain Parts Work Together to Predict Proficiency.” https://neurosciencenews.com/reading-proficiency-brain-networks-9953/ (accessed October 3, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Longitudinal Task-Related Functional Connectivity Changes Predict Reading Development

Longitudinal studies suggest developmentally dependent changes in lexical processing during reading development, implying a change in inter-regional functional connectivity over this period. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore developmental changes in functional connectivity across multiple runs of a rhyming judgment task in young readers (8–14 years) over an average 2.5-year span. Changes in functional segregation are correlated with and predict changes in the skill with which typically developing children learn to apply the alphabetic principle, as measured by pseudoword decoding. This indicates a developmental shift in the proportion of specialized functional clusters is associated with changes in reading skill and suggests a dependency of reading development on changes of particular neural pathways, specifically decreases in transitivity is indicative of greater network integration. This work provides evidence that characteristics of these pathways, quantified using graph-theoretic metrics, can be used to predict individual differences in reading development.

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