Summary: Researchers have identified a protein that can turn off the Huntingtin gene’s expression.
Source: Imperial College London.
A single injection of a new treatment has reduced the activity of the gene responsible for Huntington’s disease for several months in a trial in mice.
Huntington’s disease is a genetic disorder that affects around 1 in every 10,000 people and damages nerve cells in the brain. This causes neurological symptoms affecting movement, cognition and behaviour.
Huntington’s usually only begins to show symptoms in adulthood. There is currently no cure and no way to slow the progression of the disease. Symptoms typically progress over 10-25 years until the person eventually dies.
Now, the EU-funded FINGERS4CURE project team led by researchers at Imperial College London have engineered a therapeutic protein called a ‘zinc finger’.
Huntington’s disease is caused by a mutant form of a single gene called Huntingtin. The zinc finger protein works by targeting the mutant copies of the Huntingtin gene, repressing its ability to express and create harmful proteins.
In the new study involving mice, published in the journal Molecular Neurodegeneration, the injection of zinc finger repressed the mutant copies of the gene for at least six months.
In a previous study in mice, the team had curbed the mutant gene’s activity for just a couple of weeks. By tweaking the ingredients of the zinc finger in the new study they were able to extend its effects to several months, repressing the disease gene over that period without seeing any harmful side effects. This involved making the zinc finger as invisible to the immune system as possible.
Project lead Dr Mark Isalan from the Department of Life Sciences at Imperial said: “We are extremely excited by our latest results, which show a lot of promise for treating Huntington’s disease.
“However, while these encouraging results in mice mean that the zinc finger looks like a good candidate to take forward to human trials, we still need to do a lot of work first to answer important questions around the safety of the intervention, whether repeat treatments are effective, whether there might be longer-term side effects, and whether we can extend and increase the benefits beyond six months.
“In this study we weren’t looking at how repressing the gene activity affected the symptoms of the disease and this is obviously a critical question as well. However, we have reason to be confident from our previous studies that repressing the gene does in fact significantly reduce symptoms.
“If all goes well and we have further positive results, we would aim to start clinical trials within five years to see whether the treatment could be safe and effective in humans. We are urgently looking for industry partners and funding to achieve this.”
The mutant Huntingtin gene is thought to cause toxic levels of protein to aggregate in the brain. Preventing the activity of this gene could theoretically halt the disease, but this has been difficult to achieve.
The gene is present in many different cell types in the brain, making it difficult to target, and every patient also has a non-mutant copy of the gene, which scientists need to avoid targeting with any intervention in order to prevent unwanted side effects.
The zinc finger protein sticks to the DNA of the mutant Huntingtin gene and turns off the gene’s expression. “We don’t know exactly how the mutant Huntingtin gene causes the disease, so the idea is that targeting the gene expression cuts off the problem at its source – preventing it from ever having the potential to act,” said Dr Isalan.
By targeting the fundamental DNA of the gene, the zinc finger therapy also has the advantage over other potential Huntington’s therapies of needing less frequent treatments.
In the study, the researchers gave a single injection of zinc finger to 12 mice with Huntingdon’s disease. They examined the brains of the mice at different intervals after the initial injection and found that on average, 77 per cent of the ‘bad’ gene expression was repressed in mouse brains three weeks after injection of the zinc finger, 61 per cent repressed at six weeks, and 48 per cent repressed at 12 weeks.
By 24 weeks after the initial injections, there was still 23 per cent repression, which is thought to still be useful therapeutically. The team are now working on ways to lengthen the repression period even further.
Funding: European Research Council funded this study.
Source: Hayley Dunning – Imperial College London
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from the ICL press release.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Deimmunization for gene therapy: host matching of synthetic zinc finger constructs enables long-term mutant Huntingtin repression in mice” by Carmen Agustín-Pavón, Michal Mielcarek, Mireia Garriga-Canut and Mark Isalan in Molecular Neurodegeneration. Published online September 6 2016 doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0128-x
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Imperial College London. “Activity of Huntington’s Disease Gene Curbed for 6 Months: Mouse Study.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 8 September 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/huntingtons-activity-neurology-5001/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Imperial College London. (2016, September 8). Activity of Huntington’s Disease Gene Curbed for 6 Months: Mouse Study. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved September 8, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/huntingtons-activity-neurology-5001/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Imperial College London. “Activity of Huntington’s Disease Gene Curbed for 6 Months: Mouse Study.” https://neurosciencenews.com/huntingtons-activity-neurology-5001/ (accessed September 8, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Deimmunization for gene therapy: host matching of synthetic zinc finger constructs enables long-term mutant Huntingtin repression in mice
Background
Synthetic zinc finger (ZF) proteins can be targeted to desired DNA sequences and are useful tools for gene therapy. We recently developed a ZF transcription repressor (ZF-KOX1) able to bind to expanded DNA CAG-repeats in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which are found in Huntington’s disease (HD). This ZF acutely repressed mutant HTT expression in a mouse model of HD and delayed neurological symptoms (clasping) for up to 3 weeks. In the present work, we sought to develop a long-term single-injection gene therapy approach in the brain.
Method
Since non-self proteins can elicit immune and inflammatory responses, we designed a host-matched analogue of ZF-KOX1 (called mZF-KRAB), to treat mice more safely in combination with rAAV vector delivery. We also tested a neuron-specific enolase promoter (pNSE), which has been reported as enabling long-term transgene expression, to see whether HTT repression could be observed for up to 6 months after AAV injection in the brain.
Results
After rAAV vector delivery, we found that non-self proteins induce significant inflammatory responses in the brain, in agreement with previous studies. Specifically, microglial cells were activated at 4 and 6 weeks after treatment with non-host-matched ZF-KOX1 or GFP, respectively, and this was accompanied by a moderate neuronal loss. In contrast, the host-matched mZF-KRAB did not provoke these effects. Nonetheless, we found that using a pCAG promoter (CMV early enhancer element and the chicken β-actin promoter) led to a strong reduction in ZF expression by 6 weeks after injection. We therefore tested a new non-viral promoter to see whether the host-adapted ZF expression could be sustained for a longer time. Vectorising mZF-KRAB with a promoter-enhancer from neuron-specific enolase (Eno2, rat) resulted in up to 77 % repression of mutant HTT in whole brain, 3 weeks after bilateral intraventricular injection of 1010 virions. Importantly, repressions of 48 % and 23 % were still detected after 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, indicating that longer term effects are possible.
Conclusion
Host-adapted ZF-AAV constructs displayed a reduced toxicity and a non-viral pNSE promoter improved long-term ZF protein expression and target gene repression. The optimized constructs presented here have potential for treating HD.
“Deimmunization for gene therapy: host matching of synthetic zinc finger constructs enables long-term mutant Huntingtin repression in mice” by Carmen Agustín-Pavón, Michal Mielcarek, Mireia Garriga-Canut and Mark Isalan in Molecular Neurodegeneration. Published online September 6 2016 doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0128-x
