Poor Grades Tied to Class Times that Don’t Match Our Biological Clocks

Summary: A new study reveals students who have class times that are out of sync with their circadian rhythms tend to have worse grades.

Source: UC Berkeley.

It may be time to tailor students’ class schedules to their natural biological rhythms, according to a new study from UC Berkeley and Northeastern Illinois University.

Researchers tracked the personal daily online activity profiles of nearly 15,000 college students as they logged into campus servers.

After sorting the students into “night owls,” “daytime finches” and “morning larks” — based on their activities on days they were not in class — researchers compared their class times to their academic outcomes.

Their findings, published today in the journal Scientific Reports, show that students whose circadian rhythms were out of sync with their class schedules – say, night owls taking early morning courses – received lower grades due to “social jet lag,” a condition in which peak alertness times are at odds with work, school or other demands.

“We found that the majority of students were being jet-lagged by their class times, which correlated very strongly with decreased academic performance,” said study co-lead author Benjamin Smarr, a postdoctoral fellow who studies circadian rhythm disruptions in the lab of UC Berkeley psychology professor Lance Kriegsfeld.

In addition to learning deficits, social jet lag has been tied to obesity and excessive alcohol and tobacco use.

On a positive note: “Our research indicates that if a student can structure a consistent schedule in which class days resemble non-class days, they are more likely to achieve academic success,” said study co-lead author Aaron Schirmer, an associate professor of biology at Northeastern Illinois University.

While students of all categories suffered from class-induced jet lag, the study found that night owls were especially vulnerable, many appearing so chronically jet-lagged that they were unable to perform optimally at any time of day. But it’s not as simple as students just staying up too late, Smarr said

“Because owls are later and classes tend to be earlier, this mismatch hits owls the hardest, but we see larks and finches taking later classes and also suffering from the mismatch,” said Smarr. “Different people really do have biologically diverse timing, so there isn’t a one-time-fits-all solution for education.”

In what is thought to be the largest-ever survey of social jet lag using real-world data, Smarr and Schirmer analyzed the online activity of 14,894 Northeastern Illinois University students as they logged in and out of the campus’s learning management system over two years.

To separate the owls from the larks from the finches, and gain a more accurate alertness profile, the researchers tracked students’ activity levels on days that they did not attend a class.

Next, they looked at how larks, finches and owls had scheduled their classes during four semesters from 2014 to 2016 and found that about 40 percent were mostly biologically in sync with their class times. As a result, they performed better in class and enjoyed higher GPAs.

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Owls performed worst of all the groups due to chronic social jet lag. NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Benjamin Smarr.

However, 50 percent of the students were taking classes before they were fully alert, and another 10 percent had already peaked by the time their classes started.

Previous studies have found that older people tend to be active earlier while young adults shift to a later sleep-wake cycle during puberty. Overall, men stay up later than women, and circadian rhythms shift with the seasons based on natural light.

Finding these patterns reflected in students’ login data spurred researchers to investigate whether digital records might also reflect the biological rhythms underlying people’s behavior.

The results suggest that “rather than admonish late students to go to bed earlier, in conflict with their biological rhythms, we should work to individualize education so that learning and classes are structured to take advantage of knowing what time of day a given student will be most capable of learning,” Smarr said.

About this neuroscience research article

Source: Yasmin Anwar – UC Berkeley
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Benjamin Smarr.
Original Research: Open access research for “3.4 million real-world learning management system logins reveal the majority of students experience social jet lag correlated with decreased performance” by Benjamin L. Smarr & Aaron E. Schirmer in Scientific Reports. Published March 29 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23044-8

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]UC Berkeley “Poor Grades Tied to Class Times that Don’t Match Our Biological Clocks.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 30 March 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/grades-circadian-clock-8711/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]UC Berkeley (2018, March 30). Poor Grades Tied to Class Times that Don’t Match Our Biological Clocks. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved March 30, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/grades-circadian-clock-8711/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]UC Berkeley “Poor Grades Tied to Class Times that Don’t Match Our Biological Clocks.” https://neurosciencenews.com/grades-circadian-clock-8711/ (accessed March 30, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

3.4 million real-world learning management system logins reveal the majority of students experience social jet lag correlated with decreased performance

Misalignments between endogenous circadian rhythms and the built environment (i.e., social jet lag, SJL) result in learning and attention deficits. Currently, there is no way to assess the impact of SJL on learning outcomes of large populations as a response to schedule choices, let alone to assess which individuals are most negatively impacted by these choices. We analyzed two years of learning management system login events for 14,894 Northeastern Illinois University (NEIU) students to investigate the capacity of such systems as tools for mapping the impact of SJL over large populations while maintaining the ability to generate insights about individuals. Personal daily activity profiles were validated against known biological timing effects, and revealed a majority of students experience more than 30 minutes of SJL on average, with greater amplitude correlating strongly with a significant decrease in academic performance, especially in people with later apparent chronotypes. Our findings demonstrate that online records can be used to map individual- and population-level SJL, allow deep mining for patterns across demographics, and could guide schedule choices in an effort to minimize SJL’s negative impact on learning outcomes.

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