Image shows neurons.
Huang's team demonstrates that by combining a variety of genetic and viral approaches, it is possible to identify different cell types in the brain with unprecedented specificity. Here, red, blue and green fluorescent proteins, activated randomly in GABAergic cells in the mouse cortex, make it possible to distinguish among cell types much more readily than when only a single color is used. NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press release.

Innovative Tools Will Shed Clarifying Light on Inhibitory Neurons

Summary: Researchers have developed a new method that combines genetic markers and virus particles to target GABA cell types with a high degree of specificity.

Source: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Imagine if every time you got in your car, you fired it up, put it in drive, slammed on the gas, and didn’t let up until you reached your destination. Now imagine every driver on the road did the same thing. It would be pile up after pile up.

A similar kind of chaos would reign in the brain if there were no mechanisms for slowing down its electrical signals at precisely the right time. And just like on the road, where there are multiple ways to reduce a car’s speed—stop signs, traffic lights, speed bumps—the brain has a multitude of inhibitory neurons whose job is to place checks on the brain’s excitatory neural signals.

The brain’s primary inhibitory neurons—dubbed GABA neurons after the primary chemical that carries their messages—are among the most studied neurons in the brain. However, scientists do not yet have the tools necessary to monitor or modify the activity of each GABA neuron type. This level of control is thought to be necessary to understand how these neurons contribute to neurological disorders as well as the normal function of the brain. Now, researchers at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have created an innovative set of tools that combine a small handful of genetic markers and virus particles to target GABA cell types with a high degree of specificity.

“In order to understand a complex system, whether it’s an electronic device or computer, you first need to know the parts: the capacitor, resistor, the transformer,” says CSHL Professor Josh Huang, who led the team that developed the new tools. “You have to have those before you get any real understanding of how the system works.”

Most previous attempts to come up with a parts list of GABA neurons have focused on differences in the cells’ shape, projection patterns, and physiological properties. In the past decade, researchers have also begun developing tools that sort neurons according to the genes they express. However, until now such tools have lacked sufficient specificity.

“The problem is that there’s no simple correlation between one gene—or one molecular marker—and one cell type,” says Huang. “It’s more likely that multiple genes define or demarcate each cell type.”

Unfortunately, practical limitations in genetic engineering have meant that researchers cannot simply increase the number of genes they search for in order to increase cell-type specificity. Therefore, Huang and his team decided they had to combine a technique for targeting just a couple of genes with a more innovative targeting method.

Image shows PV interneurons.
A combinatorial cell-labeling strategy can distinguish among brain cell types with great specificity. A combination of markers reveals cell lineage and “birth-time” as well as distinguishing molecular characteristics. The filled-in arrow head points to the only one of 3 chandelier cells shown in this field, at the boundary of cortical layers I and II, that expresses parvalbumin (PV), a protein involved in signaling. Another inhibitory cell type—basket cells—are labeled green. NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press release.

The key was realizing that defining a cell type requires more than just knowing its molecular characteristics. To also get at other defining characteristics, the researchers experimented with introducing various virus particles to GABA neurons that select for certain anatomical features as well as certain cell lineages and birth times during early brain development. Using this combinatorial approach, the team created a set of tools, described today in Neuron, that can identify a number of specific GABA cells by searching for just two to three genes and introducing the appropriate targeting virus.

Huang and his colleagues are now using their new set of tools to investigate the role of a specific class of GABA neurons, called chandelier neurons, in disorders such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. In addition, genetically engineered mice incorporating the novel tools are being distributed to hundreds of labs around the world. Huang thinks it might be possible to use similar tools in other species, including rats and primates.

Huang’s team is already working on another collection of tools that will systematically target different types of excitatory glutamatergic neurons, which Huang says are possibly more diverse and less understood than GABA neurons.

About this neuroscience research article

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Robertson Neuroscience Fund, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and a NARSAD Young Investigator Grant.

Source: Peter Tarr – Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com images are adapted from the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory press release.
Original Research: Abstract for “Strategies and tools for combinatorial targeting of GABAergic neurons in mouse cerebral cortex” by Miao He, Jason Tucciarone, SooHyun Lee, Maximiliano José Nigro, Yongsoo Kim, Jesse Maurica Levine, Sean Michael Kelly, Illya Krugikov, Priscilla Wu, Yang Chen, Lin Gong, Yongjie Hou, Pavel Osten, Bernardo Rudy, and Z. Josh Huang in Neuron. Published online September 8 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.021

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. “Innovative Tools Will Shed Clarifying Light on Inhibitory Neurons.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 22 September 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/gaba-inhibitory-neurons-5107/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (2016, September 22). Innovative Tools Will Shed Clarifying Light on Inhibitory Neurons. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved September 22, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/gaba-inhibitory-neurons-5107/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. “Innovative Tools Will Shed Clarifying Light on Inhibitory Neurons.” https://neurosciencenews.com/gaba-inhibitory-neurons-5107/ (accessed September 22, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Strategies and tools for combinatorial targeting of GABAergic neurons in mouse cerebral cortex

Highlights
•Designed strategies for combinatorial targeting of GABAergic neurons and progenitors
•Generated new drivers, reporters, and viral vectors that improve targeting specificity
•Reported intersectional fate mapping of GABAergic progenitors and laminar cohorts
•Combined genetic and viral method to target cells based on lineage and birth time

Summary
Systematic genetic access to GABAergic cell types will facilitate studying the function and development of inhibitory circuitry. However, single gene-driven recombinase lines mark relatively broad and heterogeneous cell populations. Although intersectional approaches improve precision, it remains unclear whether they can capture cell types defined by multiple features. Here we demonstrate that combinatorial genetic and viral approaches target restricted GABAergic subpopulations and cell types characterized by distinct laminar location, morphology, axonal projection, and electrophysiological properties. Intersectional embryonic transcription factor drivers allow finer fate mapping of progenitor pools that give rise to distinct GABAergic populations, including laminar cohorts. Conversion of progenitor fate restriction signals to constitutive recombinase expression enables viral targeting of cell types based on their lineage and birth time. Properly designed intersection, subtraction, conversion, and multi-color reporters enhance the precision and versatility of drivers and viral vectors. These strategies and tools will facilitate studying GABAergic neurons throughout the mouse brain.

“A basal ganglia circuit for evaluating action outcomes” by Marcus Stephenson-Jones, Kai Yu, Sandra Ahrens, Jason M. Tucciarone, Aile N. van Huijstee, Luis A. Mejia, Mario A. Penzo, Lung-Hao Tai, Linda Wilbrecht & Bo Li in Nature. Published online September 21 2016 doi:10.1038/nature19845

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