Depression in Pregnancy Increases Mental Health Risks in Children

Summary: Researchers report maternal depression can increase the risk of behavioral and emotional problems in children.

Source: Imperial College London.

Depression in pregnancy increases the risk of behavioural and emotional problems in children, says a new review published in The Lancet Psychiatry.

The authors of the review, which focused mainly on low and middle income countries, call for urgent interventions for mothers and children.

Depression in pregnancy is thought to affect up to one in five women globally in the late stages of pregnancy and shortly after birth. It is characterised by low mood and feelings of hopelessness, and is brought on by a number of factors that can include life events such as bereavement, and changes in brain chemistry.

Previous work from a team at Imperial College London suggests depression during pregnancy may affect the development of the baby while in the womb, as well as affecting bonding between mother and child after birth.

Now, the same team have shown that depression or anxiety can reduce the enzyme in the placenta that breaks down the ‘stress hormone’ cortisol, possibly causing more foetal exposure to the hormone. The foetus may also undergo epigenetic changes under stress, where underlying DNA stays the same but expression of that DNA is altered, perhaps affecting mental health during childhood.

Until now, much of the research into depression during pregnancy has focused on high income countries. The team argue that the problem is more common in low- and middle-income countries, and hence more resources are now needed in these areas to help expectant and new mothers. Not only is more investment needed in research, but also the development of appropriate low cost interventions that are specific to these areas.

Professor Vivette Glover, co-author of the research from the Department of Surgery and Cancer at Imperial, said: “Our review of available literature suggests that treating the depression itself is crucial in reducing the risk to the child, as well as for helping the mother. It shows targeting specific symptoms of depression by using cognitive behavioural therapy, for example, can be useful in reducing depression and therefore its effect on the child.

“However, there is a substantial lack of research specific to women in poorer countries, where interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapy may not be available.”

Professor Glover added that in severely deprived regions where there are wars, political violence, food insecurity, and little help after natural disasters, healthcare workers have little time or resources to meet basic physical needs, let alone mental health ones like maternal depression.

The new review examined studies of mental health in children under five years old in low and middle income countries such as Bangladesh and Brazil. The report highlights the specific mental health requirements of mothers and children in poorer countries that are not necessarily relevant to high-income countries.

Depression in mothers in low- and middle-income countries is common during and just after pregnancy. Women are more likely than in richer countries to experience intimate partner violence and have little social support. Furthermore, unintended pregnancies are more common, as are malnourishment, infections, and crowded living conditions.

Image shows a pregnant woman.
Professor Glover added that in severely deprived regions where there are wars, political violence, food insecurity, and little help after natural disasters, healthcare workers have little time or resources to meet basic physical needs, let alone mental health ones like maternal depression. NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from the Imperial College London press release.

The risk factors are often more intense and more common than in high-income countries. These factors also intensify one another – for example, a malnourished mother or child may have too weak an immune system to fight an infection, exacerbating the mother’s stress which then contributes to depression.

Maternal depression in these countries is also more likely to result in poor nutrition, increased substance use, inadequate antenatal care, pre-eclampsia, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and suicide.

The authors argue that because of the varying risk factors between different income countries, interventions for poorer countries should focus on the issues that affect these countries specifically.

They add that mitigating the global burden of maternal depression will require a multi-faceted approach that targets child development, poverty, education, health, and prevention of violence in low- and middle-income countries.

Last week in Melbourne, Professor Glover and colleagues launched a new organisation, “The Global Alliance for Maternal Mental Health”, which aims to foster more knowledge about these issues, and to generate more resources to tackle them, around the world.

About this psychology research article

Source: Caroline Brogan – Imperial College London
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com image is adapted from the Imperial College London press release.
Original Research: Abstract for “Maternal depression and mental health in early childhood: an examination of underlying mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries” by Dr Catherine M Herba, PhD, Prof Vivette Glover, DSc, Paul G Ramchandani, DPhil, and Marta B Rondon, MD in Lancet Psychiatry. Published online September 17 2016 doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30148-1

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Imperial College London. “Depression in Pregnancy Increases Mental Health Risks in Children.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 28 September 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/depression-pregnancy-child-mental-health-5150/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Imperial College London. (2016, September 28). Depression in Pregnancy Increases Mental Health Risks in Children. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved September 28, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/depression-pregnancy-child-mental-health-5150/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Imperial College London. “Depression in Pregnancy Increases Mental Health Risks in Children.” https://neurosciencenews.com/depression-pregnancy-child-mental-health-5150/ (accessed September 28, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Maternal depression and mental health in early childhood: an examination of underlying mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries

Studies examining mechanisms underlying associations between maternal depression and adverse child outcomes (including behaviour, socioemotional adjustment, and emotion regulation) indicate that during pregnancy, maternal depression could affect child outcomes through altered placental function, epigenetic changes in the child, and stress reactivity. Infection and dietary deficiencies in the mother and the child, together with the child’s genetic vulnerability, might also affect outcome. Postnatally, associations between maternal depression and child outcome are influenced by altered mother–child interactions, sociodemographic or environmental influences, and social support. Knowledge is scarce on mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries where maternal depression is highly prevalent, and stressful factors that influence the development of perinatal maternal depression and adverse child outcome (eg, food insecurity, perinatal infections, crowded or rural living conditions, and interpersonal violence) are both more intense and more common than in high-income countries. We reviewed evidence and use the biopsychosocial model to illustrate risk factors, mediators and moderators underlying associations between maternal depression and child outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries.

“Maternal depression and mental health in early childhood: an examination of underlying mechanisms in low-income and middle-income countries” by Dr Catherine M Herba, PhD, Prof Vivette Glover, DSc, Paul G Ramchandani, DPhil, and Marta B Rondon, MD in Lancet Psychiatry. Published online September 17 2016 doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30148-1

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