First Common Risk Genes for Autism Discovered

Summary: Researchers have identified the first common genetic risk variants for ASD. The study, which also reveals specific genetics differences in clinical subgroups of autism, may help in providing more precise diagnoses for those on the autism spectrum.

Source: Aarhus University.

A study headed by researchers from the Danish project iPSYCH and the Broad Institute, USA, has found the first common genetic risk variants for autism and uncovered genetic differences in clinical subgroups of autism. The discovery means that we will in future be able to determine the genes which separate the diagnostic groups, make more precise diagnoses, and provide better counselling for the individual person suffering from autism disorders.

Autism is not a new phenomenon as we have historical records describing individuals with symptoms that today are associated with the group of disorders that today is known as autism. It was not until 1938 that the first person was given that diagnosis though. Ever since then researchers have tried to explain where the disorder stems from. There have been many suggestions, but one factor has long been established — that genes play a very important role.

A large-scale international collaboration headed by the Danish iPSYCH project and Broad Institute together with several international groups organized in the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium has now identified the first common genetic risk variants for autism and for the first time found the genetic differences between different types of autism.

These genes increase risk

“When we look at autism, there is a heredity factor of up to eighty percent, so genes have a great deal of impact overall. Nevertheless, despite many years of work, identifying precisely which genes are involved has been very challenging,” says Professor Mark Daly from Broad Institute and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland who is one of the leading scientists of the study.

In the study, researchers have compared the genome of 20,415 people with autism and 174,280 healthy control subjects, and in this way they have been able to determine five different genetic variants which increase the risk of autism. The results have recently been published in the scientific journal Nature Genetics.

“It is known that there are very rare genetic variants that carry a high risk for autism, but they do not explain many cases. However, according to our estimates, there are common variants that do that when enough of them act together. In this study we have examined all the approximately nine million frequent variants that can be found in the genome of the people who are included in our study. These are genetic variants which are common in the population at large and where the individual variant’s contribution to the risk is very small,” explains Associate Professor Jakob Grove from Aarhus University. He is the lead author of the study and a member of the iPSYCH research project.

Findings provide new insights

The genetic findings provide an entirely new insight into the biological processes involved in the development of autism.

“By comparing the genetic risk variants with the genes’ expression and the 3D structure of the genome in the developing brain, we can show that the identified risk genes are important for the development of the brain and in particular the development of the cerebral cortex,” explains Professor Anders Børglum from Aarhus University, who is research head at iPSYCH and directed the study together with Dr. Daly.

The researchers have also found a significant overlap between the genetic background for autism and other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression — though also with positive cognitive characteristics such as educational attainment and IQ.

“The positive correlation with educational attainment might seem paradoxical because some autistic people have reduced cognitive function and on average, fewer people with an autism diagnosis end up with a higher education. The correlation is seen in several previous studies, and in our data we can confirm that in general, this correlation between the genes for autism and genes that predispose for longer education does exist,” says Jakob Grove and continues:

“However, we can demonstrate that this does not apply to all subsets of autism. We see that people with Asperger’s syndrome or infantile autism on average have more of the genes that are beneficial for taking an education, while this is not the case for people with so-called atypical autism or unspecified autism disorders.”

Better treatment on the horizon

Autism refers to a very mixed group with different autism disorders. Some have very pervasive developmental disorders with mental retardation, while others may be cognitively well-functioning with a normal or high IQ.

“Thanks to a new and highly sensitive method that we’ve developed, we can for the first time establish genetic differences between the various diagnostic subgroups. This indicates that larger studies in the future will be able to pinpoint genes that separate the diagnostic groups and enable more precise diagnosis and advice for the individual person suffering from an autism disorder. We also hope that the genes we identify can provide an opportunity for developing actual treatment or prevention of the condition, which is something that we unfortunately cannot offer at present,” says Anders Børglum.

About iPSYCH

The national research project iPSYCH — which is financed by the Lundbeck Foundation — was established back in 2012 with the purpose of carrying out research into and finding the causes of five of the most serious mental disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (formerly manic depression), autism, ADHD and depression. iPSYCH’s purpose was — and still is — to lay the foundations for better treatment and prevention of mental disorders by mapping the factors that play a role for these diseases. By examining genetic and risk factors in more than 80,000 Danes both with and without mental disorders, iPSYCH sheds light on the complex interaction between heredity factors and the environment, which for some people result in them developing a mental disorder. The project examines the diseases from various angles, ranging from genes and cells to population studies, prenatal life to adult patient and from cause to symptom. iPSYCH is a national collaborative project between Aarhus University, the University of Copenhagen, the Central Denmark Region and the Capital Region of Denmark, as well as SSI, the Danish State Serum Institute.

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The researchers have also found a significant overlap between the genetic background for autism and other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and depression — though also with positive cognitive characteristics such as educational attainment and IQ. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

Today iPSYCH is one of the world’s largest studies of genetic and environmental causes of mental disorders and it now comprises more than 150 researchers within psychiatry, genetics and register-based research.

Background for the results

Type of study: Researchers scan the entire genome of a large number of people with autism and a large number of healthy control subjects. When a genetic variation is significantly more frequent in people with autism than in the healthy control group, it is possible to conclude that the variant increases the risk of suffering from the disorder. In the iPSYCH project, researchers have collected genetic information on 13,076 autists and 22,644 control subjects. The results where combined with the results from an additional 5,305 people with autism and 5,305 control subjects from an international multi-centre study under the auspices of The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, and a follow-up was also carried out on 2,119 people with autism and 142,379 control persons from, among other places, deCODE in Iceland.

About this neuroscience research article

Source: Aarhus University
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Abstract for “Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder” by Jakob Grove, Stephan Ripke, Thomas D. Als, Manuel Mattheisen, Raymond K. Walters, Hyejung Won, Jonatan Pallesen, Esben Agerbo, Ole A. Andreassen, Richard Anney, Swapnil Awashti, Rich Belliveau, Francesco Bettella, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Marie Bækvad-Hansen, Felecia Cerrato, Kimberly Chambert, Jane H. Christensen, Claire Churchhouse, Karin Dellenvall, Ditte Demontis, Silvia De Rubeis, Bernie Devlin, Srdjan Djurovic, Ashley L. Dumont, Jacqueline I. Goldstein, Christine S. Hansen, Mads Engel Hauberg, Mads V. Hollegaard, Sigrun Hope, Daniel P. Howrigan, Hailiang Huang, Christina M. Hultman, Lambertus Klei, Julian Maller, Joanna Martin, Alicia R. Martin, Jennifer L. Moran, Mette Nyegaard, Terje Nærland, Duncan S. Palmer, Aarno Palotie, Carsten Bøcker Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz Pedersen, Timothy dPoterba, Jesper Buchhave Poulsen, Beate St Pourcain, Per Qvist, Karola Rehnström, Abraham Reichenberg, Jennifer Reichert, Elise B. Robinson, Kathryn Roeder, Panos Roussos, Evald Saemundsen, Sven Sandin, F. Kyle Satterstrom, George Davey Smith, Hreinn Stefansson, Stacy Steinberg, Christine R. Stevens, Patrick F. Sullivan, Patrick Turley, G. Bragi Walters, Xinyi Xu, Autism Spectrum Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, BUPGEN, Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Kari Stefansson, Daniel H. Geschwind, Merete Nordentoft, David M. Hougaard, Thomas Werge, Ole Mors, Preben Bo Mortensen, Benjamin M. Neale, Mark J. Daly & Anders D. Børglum in Nature Genetics. Published February 25 2019.
doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0344-8

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Aarhus University “First Common Risk Genes for Autism Discovered.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 27 February 2019.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/asd-risk-genes-10825/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Aarhus University (2019, February 27). First Common Risk Genes for Autism Discovered. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved February 27, 2019 from https://neurosciencenews.com/asd-risk-genes-10825/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Aarhus University “First Common Risk Genes for Autism Discovered.” https://neurosciencenews.com/asd-risk-genes-10825/ (accessed February 27, 2019).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable and heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental phenotypes diagnosed in more than 1% of children. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ASD susceptibility, but to date no individual variants have been robustly associated with ASD. With a marked sample-size increase from a unique Danish population resource, we report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 18,381 individuals with ASD and 27,969 controls that identified five genome-wide-significant loci. Leveraging GWAS results from three phenotypes with significantly overlapping genetic architectures (schizophrenia, major depression, and educational attainment), we identified seven additional loci shared with other traits at equally strict significance levels. Dissecting the polygenic architecture, we found both quantitative and qualitative polygenic heterogeneity across ASD subtypes. These results highlight biological insights, particularly relating to neuronal function and corticogenesis, and establish that GWAS performed at scale will be much more productive in the near term in ASD.

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