Visuals Increase Attention; Now Science Explains Why

Summary: Norepinephrine is locally regulated in the visual cortex. More norepinephrine is released when and where visual information is processed.

Source: UT Health San Antonio

“Look at me!” we might say while attempting to engage our children. It turns out there is a neurochemical explanation for why looking at mom or dad actually helps kiddoes pay better attention.

In a paper published Dec. 17 in the journal Science Advances, authors from The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (also referred to as UT Health San Antonio) report that norepinephrine, a fundamental chemical for brain performance, is locally regulated in a brain region called the visual cortex.

“Before our study, research suggested the possibility of local regulation of norepinephrine release, but it had never been directly demonstrated,” said study senior author Martin Paukert, MD, assistant professor of cellular and integrative physiology at UT Health San Antonio.

The work of the team, which included Shawn R. Gray, Ph.D., and Liang Ye, MD, from the Paukert lab and Jing Yong Ye, Ph.D., from the biomedical engineering department at The University of Texas at San Antonio, was supported by the Robert J. Kleberg, Jr. and Helen C. Kleberg Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).

Norepinephrine is known to be involved in paying attention. “A certain amount of this chemical needs to be released for optimum brain performance and ability to pay attention,” Dr. Paukert said. “So, if there is either too much of it or too little of it, it may affect how we process information.”

This shows the outline of a head and birds
Norepinephrine is known to be involved in paying attention. Image is in the public domain

Disease states in which norepinephrine is known to be altered include substance use disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In some substance use, Alzheimer’s and ADHD, the release of norepinephrine is reduced, resulting in lower attention. In other substance use and PTSD, the level is too high.

The team’s findings also extend to cells called astrocytes that function as helper cells in the brain and central nervous system.

“When a person makes a movement, such as turning the head to listen to a parent, and that is combined with visual stimulation, then more norepinephrine is released where visual information is processed,” Dr. Paukert said. “Our second finding, also important, is that astrocytes can reliably detect the rate of norepinephrine release.”

They are sensitive to it, in other words. Astrocytes alter their response accordingly, which is expected to change brain performance.

“Understanding norepinephrine release, its local regulation and the astrocyte response may represent a mechanism by which one could enhance sensory-specific attention,” Dr. Paukert said. Research will continue in that direction.

About this visual processing research news

Author: Press Office
Source: UT Health San Antonio
Contact: Press Office – UT Health San Antonio
Image: The image is in the public domain

Original Research: Open access.
Noradrenergic terminal short-term potentiation enables modality-selective integration of sensory input and vigilance state” by Shawn R. Gray et al. Science Advances


Abstract

Noradrenergic terminal short-term potentiation enables modality-selective integration of sensory input and vigilance state

Recent years have seen compelling demonstrations of the importance of behavioral state on sensory processing and attention. Arousal plays a dominant role in controlling brain-wide neural activity patterns, particularly through modulation by norepinephrine.

Noradrenergic brainstem nuclei, including locus coeruleus, can be activated by stimuli of multiple sensory modalities and broadcast modulatory signals via axonal projections throughout the brain. This organization might suggest proportional brain-wide norepinephrine release during states of heightened vigilance.

Here, however, we have found that low-intensity, nonarousing visual stimuli enhanced vigilance-dependent noradrenergic signaling locally in visual cortex, revealed using dual-site fiber photometry to monitor noradrenergic Ca2+ responses of astroglia simultaneously in cerebellum and visual cortex and two-photon microscopy to monitor noradrenergic axonal terminal Ca2+ dynamics.

Nitric oxide, following N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive interneurons, mediated transient acceleration of norepinephrine-dependent astroglia Ca2+ activation.

These findings reveal a candidate cortical microcircuit for sensory modality-selective modulation of attention.

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