Brain Differences in Pain Modulation in People With Self-Injury Behavior

Summary: On average, women who self-harm have a higher tolerance to pain than those who do not self-injure. Brain scans revealed greater connectivity between brain areas involved in pain perception and pain modulation in those who self-harm.

Source: Karolinska Institute

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden might have found an explanation for why people with self-injury behavior generally feel less pain than others. The key seems to be a more effective pain-modulation system, a discovery that can benefit people seeking help for their self-harm.

The findings are published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry.

Most people try to avoid pain, but some, especially adolescents and young adults, can sometimes subject themselves to physical injury. Self-harming is strongly associated with other mental health issues, such as anxiety and depression, but far from everyone with such a condition engages in self-injury.

“We have long tried to understand how people who display self-injury behavior differ from others and why the pain itself isn’t a sufficient deterrent,” says Karin Jensen, researcher and group leader at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and the study’s corresponding author.

“Previous studies how shown that people who self-harm are generally less sensitive to pain, but the mechanisms behind it are not fully understood.”

Tolerated more pain

In this present study, the researchers examined these mechanisms by comparing pain modulation in 41 women who had engaged in self-injury at least five times in the past year with 40 matched women without self-injury behaviour.

The women, who were aged between 18 and 35, underwent laboratory pain tests at Karolinska University Hospital on two occasions in 2019-2020 during which they were asked to rate the pain they experienced from transient pressure and heat stimulations. Their brain activity during pain was also measured using MRI scans.

The researchers found that on average the self-harming women tolerated higher levels of pain than the controls. The brain scans also revealed differences in activation between the groups.

Compared with the controls, the brain activity of the women with self-injury behavior displayed more connections between brain areas directly involved in the perception of pain and those linked to the modulation of pain.

This shows a brain
The researchers found that on average the self-harming women tolerated higher levels of pain than the controls. Image is in the public domain

Another finding was that the difference in pain modulation was not determined by how long, how often or in what way the participants had engaged in self-injury.

Clinically useful knowledge

“Our study suggests that effective pain modulation is a risk factor for self-injury behavior,” says Maria Lalouni, researcher at the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, and the study’s joint first author with Jens Fust, who recently earned his PhD on the project.

“It also tells us more about differences in the brains of people who engage in self-injury, knowledge that can be used for improving the support provided to people seeking care for their behaviour as well as in conversations with patients to help them understand their self-injury and the need for treatment.”

Limitations to the study include the fact that women with self-injury behaviour tended to report more psychiatric comorbidities than the controls. They also took more drugs, such as antidepressants, which the researchers factored into their analysis.

Funding: The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council and the Strategic Research Area Neuroscience (StratNeuro) at Karolinska Institutet, and by a donation from Leif Lundblad to pain research.

About this pain and self-harm research news

Author: Press Office
Source: Karolinska Institute
Contact: Press Office – Karolinska Institute
Image: The image is in the public domain

Original Research: Open access.
Augmented pain inhibition and higher integration of pain modulatory brain networks in women with self-injury behavior” by Maria Lalouni et al. Molecular Psychiatry


Abstract

Augmented pain inhibition and higher integration of pain modulatory brain networks in women with self-injury behavior

Individuals who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) have demonstrated insensitivity to pain compared with individuals without NSSI. Yet, the neural mechanisms behind this difference are unknown.

The objective of the present study was to determine which aspects of the pain regulatory system that account for this decreased sensitivity to pain. In a case–control design, 81 women, aged 18–35 (mean [SD] age, 23.4 [3.9]), were included (41 with NSSI and 40 healthy controls).

A quantitative sensory testing protocol, including heat pain thresholds, heat pain tolerance, pressure pain thresholds, conditioned pain modulation (assessing central down-regulation of pain), and temporal summation (assessing facilitation of pain signals) was used.

Pain-evoked brain responses were assessed by means of fMRI scanning during thermal pain. NSSI participants showed a more effective central down-regulation of pain, compared to controls, assessed with conditioned pain modulation.

The neural responses to painful stimulation revealed a stronger relation between nociceptive and pain modulatory brain regions in NSSI compared to controls. In line with previous studies, pressure and heat pain thresholds were higher in participants with NSSI, however, there were no correlations between pain outcomes and NSSI clinical characteristics.

The augmented pain inhibition and higher involvement of pain modulatory brain networks in NSSI may represent a pain insensitive endophenotype associated with a greater risk for developing self-injurious behavior.

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