Comprehensive Map of Primate Brain Development Published

Summary: Researchers have released a new, in-depth molecular atlas of brain development in non-human primates.

Source: Allen Institute for Brain Science.

Transcriptional atlas sheds crucial light on what makes human brain development distinct.

Researchers at the Allen Institute for Brain Science have published an in-depth analysis of a comprehensive molecular atlas of brain development in the non-human primate. This analysis uncovers features of the genetic code underlying brain development in our close evolutionary relative, while revealing distinct features of human brain development by comparison. The study is based on the NIH Blueprint Non-Human Primate (NHP) Atlas, a publicly available resource created by the Allen Institute and colleagues at the University of California, Davis and the California National Primate Research Center. This resource enables researchers to understand the underpinnings of both healthy brain development and many neuropsychiatric diseases. Analysis of the atlas is featured this week in the journal Nature.

“This is the most complete spatiotemporal map we have for any mammal’s development, and we have it in a model system that provides directly meaningful insight into human brain development, structure, and function,” says Ed Lein, Ph.D., Investigator at the Allen Institute for Brain Science. “This exceptional dataset is useful for exploring precisely where and when genes are active in relation to the events of brain development and the onset of brain disorders.”

Image shows a coronal section through the neocortex and cerebellum of an adult rhesus monkey brain.
Coronal section through the neocortex and cerebellum of an adult rhesus monkey brain labeled with Nissl stain which labels all neuronal and glial cell bodies. NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Allen Institute for Brain Science.

“Collaborating with the NIH on this project allowed us to make use of the Allen Institute’s unique capabilities to generate high-quality, large scale data resources that enable the scientific community around the world to make valuable discoveries,” says Allan Jones, Ph.D., CEO of the Allen Institute.

“While we know many of the details of gene expression in the adult brain, mapping gene expression across development has been one of the missing links for understanding the genetics of disorders like autism and schizophrenia,” says Thomas R. Insel, Ph.D., former Director of the National Institute of Mental Health. “This new atlas will be the foundation for the next generation of studies linking the genetics of neurodevelopmental disorders to the development of specific brain pathways.”

The goal of the NHP atlas was to marry the techniques of modern transcriptomics with the rich history of anatomical developmental studies by measuring gene activity at a series of ten important stages in prenatal and postnatal brain development. At each stage a technique called laser microdissection was used to precisely isolate fine layers and nuclei of cortical and subcortical brain regions associated with human psychiatric disease, thereby creating a high resolution time series of the generation and maturation of these brain regions and their underlying cell types. The gene expression data are complemented by neuroimaging and histological and cellular resolution gene expression reference data.

“This time series reveals how genes code for the enormous complexity of the human brain,” says Trygve Bakken, M.D., Ph.D., Scientist II at the Allen Institute for Brain Science. “Prenatal development is a time of exceptionally rapid change reflected in gene usage, yet many of the molecular characteristics of the mature brain are not achieved until surprisingly late in postnatal development when brain development can be affected by physical activity and social interaction.”

Because the atlas targeted areas of the brain associated with human disease, the authors collaborated with colleagues at the Baylor College of Medicine to use this molecular map to pinpoint when and where candidate genes for diseases like autism and schizophrenia become active. Genes associated with autism are particularly active in the prenatal neocortex in newly generated neurons, consistent with other studies and the early onset of autistic pathology. In contrast, genes for schizophrenia become active much later in development, also in neurons in the neocortex, which correlates with the disease’s later onset.

Image shows a brain map chart.
Gross anatomy and layered architecture of the neocortex during prenatal and postnatal development. Nissl-stained brain sections show early expansion of dividing progenitor cells (pink) followed by later generation of cortical neurons (yellow, orange), paralleling the increased folding or gyrification of the developing cortex. Credit: Allen Institute for Brain Science.

“This tremendous resource is freely available to the research community and will guide important research into the etiology of many developmental disorders for years to come’, says Michelle Freund, Ph.D., program officer at the National Institute of Mental Health.

Finally, by comparing these data to similar human and rat gene expression data, the researchers demonstrate that many genes show different developmental trajectories in primates compared to rodents, with many fewer differences between monkey and human. Human brain development is uniquely characterized by an unusually protracted period of developmental plasticity, referred to as neoteny. “We found evidence for genes showing regulation consistent with neoteny, but with a twist,” says Lein. A set of human genes showed two patterns, a sharp change in expression earlier than other species, followed by a prolonged increase lasting longer than monkeys. “These findings show the value of closely related non-human primates to study shared characteristics of close evolutionary relatives and to identify unique features of the human brain related to our cognitive abilities and susceptibility to certain diseases.”

About this neuroscience research article

The data for the NIH Blueprint Non-Human Primate Atlas are publicly accessible through blueprintnhpatlas.org and with the suite of Allen Institute resources at brain-map.org.

Funding: The project described was supported by contract HHSN-271-2008-0047 from the National Institute of Mental Health. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the National Institute of Mental Health.

Source: Rob Piercy – Allen Institute for Brain Science
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com images are credited to Allen Institute for Brain Science.
Original Research: Abstract for “A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development” by Trygve E. Bakken, Jeremy A. Miller, Song-Lin Ding, Susan M. Sunkin, Kimberly A. Smith, Lydia Ng, Aaron Szafer, Rachel A. Dalley, Joshua J. Royall, Tracy Lemon, Sheila Shapouri, Kaylynn Aiona, James Arnold, Jeffrey L. Bennett, Darren Bertagnolli, Kristopher Bickley, Andrew Boe, Krissy Brouner, Stephanie Butler, Emi Byrnes, Shiella Caldejon, Anita Carey, Shelby Cate, Mike Chapin, Jefferey Chen, Nick Dee, Tsega Desta, Tim A. Dolbeare, Nadia Dotson, Amanda Ebbert, Erich Fulfs, Garrett Gee, Terri L. Gilbert, Jeff Goldy, Lindsey Gourley, Ben Gregor, Guangyu Gu, Jon Hall, Zeb Haradon, David R. Haynor, Nika Hejazinia, Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen, Robert Howard, Jay Jochim, Marty Kinnunen, Ali Kriedberg, Chihchau L. Kuan, Christopher Lau, Chang-Kyu Lee, Felix Lee, Lon Luong, Naveed Mastan, Ryan May, Jose Melchor, Nerick Mosqueda, Erika Mott, Kiet Ngo, Julie Nyhus, Aaron Oldre, Eric Olson, Jody Parente, Patrick D. Parker, Sheana Parry, Julie Pendergraft, Lydia Potekhina, Melissa Reding, Zackery L. Riley, Tyson Roberts, Brandon Rogers, Kate Roll, David Rosen, David Sandman, Melaine Sarreal, Nadiya Shapovalova, Shu Shi, Nathan Sjoquist, Andy J. Sodt, Robbie Townsend, Lissette Velasquez, Udi Wagley, Wayne B. Wakeman, Cassandra White, Crissa Bennett, Jennifer Wu, Rob Young, Brian L. Youngstrom, Paul Wohnoutka, Richard A. Gibbs, Jeffrey Rogers, John G. Hohmann, Michael J. Hawrylycz, Robert F. Hevner, Zoltán Molnár, John W. Phillips, Chinh Dang, Allan R. Jones, David G. Amaral, Amy Bernard and Ed S. Lein in Nature. Published online July 13 2016 doi:10.1038/nature18637

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Allen Institute for Brain Science. “Comprehensive Map of Primate Brain Development Published.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 15 July 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/primate-brain-map-4686/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Allen Institute for Brain Science. (2016, July 15). Comprehensive Map of Primate Brain Development Published. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved July 15, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/primate-brain-map-4686/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Allen Institute for Brain Science. “Comprehensive Map of Primate Brain Development Published.” https://neurosciencenews.com/primate-brain-map-4686/ (accessed July 15, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development

The transcriptional underpinnings of brain development remain poorly understood, particularly in humans and closely related non-human primates. We describe a high-resolution transcriptional atlas of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) brain development that combines dense temporal sampling of prenatal and postnatal periods with fine anatomical division of cortical and subcortical regions associated with human neuropsychiatric disease. Gene expression changes more rapidly before birth, both in progenitor cells and maturing neurons. Cortical layers and areas acquire adult-like molecular profiles surprisingly late in postnatal development. Disparate cell populations exhibit distinct developmental timing of gene expression, but also unexpected synchrony of processes underlying neural circuit construction including cell projection and adhesion. Candidate risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders including primary microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia show disease-specific spatiotemporal enrichment within developing neocortex. Human developmental expression trajectories are more similar to monkey than rodent, although approximately 9% of genes show human-specific regulation with evidence for prolonged maturation or neoteny compared to monkey.

“A comprehensive transcriptional map of primate brain development” by Trygve E. Bakken, Jeremy A. Miller, Song-Lin Ding, Susan M. Sunkin, Kimberly A. Smith, Lydia Ng, Aaron Szafer, Rachel A. Dalley, Joshua J. Royall, Tracy Lemon, Sheila Shapouri, Kaylynn Aiona, James Arnold, Jeffrey L. Bennett, Darren Bertagnolli, Kristopher Bickley, Andrew Boe, Krissy Brouner, Stephanie Butler, Emi Byrnes, Shiella Caldejon, Anita Carey, Shelby Cate, Mike Chapin, Jefferey Chen, Nick Dee, Tsega Desta, Tim A. Dolbeare, Nadia Dotson, Amanda Ebbert, Erich Fulfs, Garrett Gee, Terri L. Gilbert, Jeff Goldy, Lindsey Gourley, Ben Gregor, Guangyu Gu, Jon Hall, Zeb Haradon, David R. Haynor, Nika Hejazinia, Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen, Robert Howard, Jay Jochim, Marty Kinnunen, Ali Kriedberg, Chihchau L. Kuan, Christopher Lau, Chang-Kyu Lee, Felix Lee, Lon Luong, Naveed Mastan, Ryan May, Jose Melchor, Nerick Mosqueda, Erika Mott, Kiet Ngo, Julie Nyhus, Aaron Oldre, Eric Olson, Jody Parente, Patrick D. Parker, Sheana Parry, Julie Pendergraft, Lydia Potekhina, Melissa Reding, Zackery L. Riley, Tyson Roberts, Brandon Rogers, Kate Roll, David Rosen, David Sandman, Melaine Sarreal, Nadiya Shapovalova, Shu Shi, Nathan Sjoquist, Andy J. Sodt, Robbie Townsend, Lissette Velasquez, Udi Wagley, Wayne B. Wakeman, Cassandra White, Crissa Bennett, Jennifer Wu, Rob Young, Brian L. Youngstrom, Paul Wohnoutka, Richard A. Gibbs, Jeffrey Rogers, John G. Hohmann, Michael J. Hawrylycz, Robert F. Hevner, Zoltán Molnár, John W. Phillips, Chinh Dang, Allan R. Jones, David G. Amaral, Amy Bernard and Ed S. Lein in Nature. Published online July 13 2016 doi:10.1038/nature18637

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