Summary: A new study challenges conventional belief that myelin can inhibit neuronal growth. Researchers report rat myelin stimulated axon outgrowths in neural precursor cells, and human iPSCs.
Source: UCSD.
Recovery after severe spinal cord injury is notoriously fraught, with permanent paralysis often the result. In recent years, researchers have increasingly turned to stem cell-based therapies as a potential method for repairing and replacing damaged nerve cells. They have struggled, however, to overcome numerous innate barriers, including myelin, a mixture of insulating proteins and lipids that helps speed impulses through adult nerve fibers but also inhibits neuronal growth.
But in a new paper, published in the May 23 online issue of Science Translational Medicine, researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine report that adult rat myelin actually stimulated axonal outgrowth in rat neural precursor cells (NPCs) and human induced pluripotent (iPSC)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs).
“It’s really a remarkable finding because myelin is known to be a potent inhibitor of adult axon regeneration,” said Mark Tuszynski, MD, PhD, professor of neuroscience and director of the UC San Diego Translational Neuroscience Institute. “But that isn’t the case with precursor neurons or those derived from stem cells.”
Tuszynski’s lab, with colleagues in Germany and Singapore, monitored neurite outgrowth from NPCs and NSCs growing on a myelin substrate in Petri dishes. Neurites are projections from the cell bodies of neurons, either axons (which carry signals outward to other neurons) or dendrites (which receive the signals). In both cases, they found outgrowth enhanced threefold.
In subsequent studies using rats with spinal cord injuries, the researchers found that rat NPCs and human iPSC-derived NSCs implanted at the injury site both extended greater numbers of axons through adult central nervous system white matter than through gray matter, and preferentially associated with rat host myelin.
Paring away some of the myelin molecules known to strongly inhibit axonal growth, Tuszynski and colleagues identified a molecule called reuronal growth regulator 1 or Negr1 as a potential mediator between axons and myelin, permitting the former’s growth. Negr1 is involved in the process by which cells attach to neighboring cells and interact. The growth factor plays an important role during embryological development, when neurons are growing rapidly but before myelin begins to have an inhibitory effect.
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“When we implant neural stem cells into sites of spinal cord injury, they extend tens of thousands of axons out of the injury site for distances of up to 50 millmeters,” said Tuszynski. “Adult axons on the other hand, when coaxed to grow, extend 100 axons for a distance of one millimeter. These findings identify why axon outgrowth from neural stem cell implants is so much better than injured adult axons.”
The findings support the developing approach of using neural precursor cells and iPSC-derived stem cells as a viable and promising method for repairing spinal cord injuries, wrote the study authors. More specifically, they point to the need to further investigate the stimulatory effects of myelin on NPCs and NSCs, which “could potentially be exploited for neural repair after spinal cord injury.”
Funding: The study was supported by Veterans Administration, National Institutes of Health, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bernard and Anne Spitzer Charitable Trust, Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation.
Source: Scott LaFee – UCSD
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is for illustrative purposes only.
Original Research: Abstract for “Adult rat myelin enhances axonal outgrowth from neural stem cells” by Gunnar H. D. Poplawski, Richard Lie, Matt Hunt, Hiromi Kumamaru, Riki Kawaguchi, Paul Lu, Michael K. E. Schäfer, Grace Woodruff, Jacob Robinson, Philip Canete, Jennifer N. Dulin, Cedric G. Geoffroy, Lutz Menzel, Binhai Zheng, Giovanni Coppola and Mark H. Tuszynski in Science Translational Medicine. Published May 23 2018.
doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aa12563
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]UCSD “Myelin Boosts Neuron Growth in Spinal Cord Injuries.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 23 May 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/myelin-neurogenesis-sci-9125/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]UCSD (2018, May 23). Myelin Boosts Neuron Growth in Spinal Cord Injuries. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved May 23, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/myelin-neurogenesis-sci-9125/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]UCSD “Myelin Boosts Neuron Growth in Spinal Cord Injuries.” https://neurosciencenews.com/myelin-neurogenesis-sci-9125/ (accessed May 23, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Adult rat myelin enhances axonal outgrowth from neural stem cells
Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is attenuated by growth inhibitory molecules associated with myelin. We report that rat myelin stimulated the growth of axons emerging from rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) transplanted into sites of SCI in adult rat recipients. When plated on a myelin substrate, neurite outgrowth from rat NPCs and from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)–derived neural stem cells (NSCs) was enhanced threefold. In vivo, rat NPCs and human iPSC–derived NSCs extended greater numbers of axons through adult central nervous system white matter than through gray matter and preferentially associated with rat host myelin. Mechanistic investigations excluded Nogo receptor signaling as a mediator of stem cell–derived axon growth in response to myelin. Transcriptomic screens of rodent NPCs identified the cell adhesion molecule neuronal growth regulator 1 (Negr1) as one mediator of permissive axon-myelin interactions. The stimulatory effect of myelin-associated proteins on rodent NPCs was developmentally regulated and involved direct activation of the extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK). The stimulatory effects of myelin on NPC/NSC axon outgrowth should be investigated further and could potentially be exploited for neural repair after SCI.