Summary: Researchers shed light on how sleep spindles help secure memory storage and reactivation.
Source: Northwestern University.
Leading theories propose that sleep presents an opportune time for important, new memories to become stabilized. And it’s long been known which brain waves are produced during sleep. But in a new study, researchers set out to better understand the brain mechanisms that secure memory storage.
The team from Northwestern and Princeton universities set out to find more direct and precisely timed evidence for the involvement of one particular sleep wave — known as the “sleep spindle.”
In the study, sleep spindles, described as bursts of brain activity typically lasting around one second, were linked to memory reactivation. The paper, “Sleep spindle refractoriness segregates periods of memory reactivation,” published today in the journal Current Biology.
“The most novel aspect of our study is that we found these spindles occur rhythmically — about every three to six seconds — and this rhythm is related to memory,” said James W. Antony, first author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in Princeton’s Computational Memory Lab.
Three experiments explored how recent memories are reactivated during sleep. While volunteers took an afternoon nap, sound cues were surreptitiously played. Each was linked to a specific memory. The researchers’ final experiment showed that if cues were presented at opportune times such that spindles could follow them, the linked memories were more likely to be retained. If they were presented when a spindle was unlikely to follow, the linked memories were more likely to be forgotten.
“One particularly remarkable aspect of the study was that we were able to monitor spindles moment by moment while people slept,” said Ken A. Paller, senior author of the study and professor of psychology at Northwestern’s Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. “Therefore, we could know when the brain was most ready for us to prompt memory reactivation.”
If the researchers reminded people of a recently learned fact, a spindle would likely be evident in the cerebral cortex, and memory for that information would be improved, added Paller, also director of Northwestern’s Cognitive Neuroscience Program.
“In memory research, we know it’s important to segregate experiences while you’re awake so that everything doesn’t just blend together,” said Antony, who worked in Paller’s lab at Northwestern as a doctoral student. “If that happens, you may have difficulty retrieving information because so many things will come to mind at once. We believe the spindle rhythmicity shown here might play a role in segregating successive memory reactivations from each other, preventing overlap that might cause later interference between memories.”

Ultimately, the researchers’ goal is to understand how sleep affects memory under natural conditions, and how aging or disease can impact these functions.
“With that goal in mind, we’ve helped elucidate the importance of sleep spindles more generally,” Antony said.
Paller said they are on the trail of the physiology of memory reactivation.
“Future work will be needed to see how spindles fit together with other aspects of the physiology of memory and will involve other types of memory testing and other species,” Paller said.
In addition to Antony and Paller, co-authors are Luis Piloto, Margaret Wang, Paula Pacheco and Kenneth A. Norman, all of Princeton.
Source: Northwestern University
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access research for “Sleep Spindle Refractoriness Segregates Periods of Memory Reactivation” by James W. Antony, Luis Piloto, Margaret Wang, Paula Pacheco, Kenneth A. Norman, Ken A. Paller in Current Biology. Published May 24 2018.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.020
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Northwestern University “Burst of Brain Activity Linked to Memory Reactivation.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 24 May 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/memory-brain-activity-9132/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Northwestern University (2018, May 24). Burst of Brain Activity Linked to Memory Reactivation. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved May 24, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/memory-brain-activity-9132/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Northwestern University “Burst of Brain Activity Linked to Memory Reactivation.” https://neurosciencenews.com/memory-brain-activity-9132/ (accessed May 24, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Sleep Spindle Refractoriness Segregates Periods of Memory Reactivation
Highlights
•Reactivating memories with auditory cues during sleep benefited retention
•Sleep spindle power increased after cues and predicted subsequent memory
•Cue efficacy was impaired when cues fell within the spindle refractory period
•The importance of spindle timing was confirmed using real-time spindle tracking
Summary
The stability of long-term memories is enhanced by reactivation during sleep. Correlative evidence has linked memory reactivation with thalamocortical sleep spindles, although their functional role is not fully understood. Our initial study replicated this correlation and also demonstrated a novel rhythmicity to spindles, such that a spindle is more likely to occur approximately 3–6 s following a prior spindle. We leveraged this rhythmicity to test the role of spindles in memory by using real-time spindle tracking to present cues within versus just after the presumptive refractory period; as predicted, cues presented just after the refractory period led to better memory. Our findings demonstrate a precise temporal link between sleep spindles and memory reactivation. Moreover, they reveal a previously undescribed neural mechanism whereby spindles may segment sleep into two distinct substates: prime opportunities for reactivation and gaps that segregate reactivation events.