Summary: Adults use similar neural mechanisms to learn novel languages as children do when learning how to process language.
Source: University of Lancaster
How people work out the meanings of new words has been revealed by Lancaster University researchers, who say this is similar to the way in which young children learn language.
The research published in Cognition is by Professor Patrick Rebuschat and Professor Padraic Monaghan, who said: “Have you ever caught yourself saying long burbly streams of words to babies? A lot of what infants hear is “who’s a lovely baby yes you are now where’s teddy gone oh look here is teddy.” How do babies begin to make sense of this burbling to figure out the language?”
There are two problems about language that young children have to solve:
1 – they need to work out which sounds group together to form words and what these words mean
2 – they need to understand how those words go together in sentences
These problems are interwoven, because to be able to acquire the meaning of words the child also needs to know what role they play in the sentence: is the word “teddy” about a thing, or what the thing is doing, or something else? And to figure out what a word’s role is, the child needs to already know what it means.
Professor Rebuschat said: “This is a chicken-and-egg type of problem: Which comes first, the word or the sentence?”
To find out, the researchers tested how people learned new words and sentence by giving adults an artificial language to learn. They invented a language spoken by aliens and showed people sentences in alien language alongside scenes showing aliens carrying out different actions.
Over time, learners were able to acquire the words’ meanings and their roles in the scenes — the names of the aliens, their colours, and the actions they were doing.
Learners do this by keeping track of all the associations between words and different aspects of the scenes across many learning trials before narrowing down to focus on those associations that are reliable.
The researchers said this method is similar to how young children learn.
Professor Rebuschat said: “So, when you say a sentence including “teddy,” very often baby’s teddy bear will be nearby and in view. When this occurs repeatedly over time, the child is able to figure out from “look at teddy” that “teddy” means that cuddly brown thing.”
The only way to learn a new language is by keeping track of the words and grammar across hundreds of learning trials, a process called cross-situational statistical learning.
Professor Rebuschat said: “We knew children and adults can use this learning process to acquire individual words and very limited languages. But it was remarkable to witness that our participants could use this process to learn a highly complex language with considerable speed. It shows the power of humans’ ability to keep track of all kinds of possible links between language and the world. This study shows us the way in which language can be learned in natural situations.”
Professor Padraic Monaghan added: “We have discovered that the chicken-and-egg problem of learning language can be solved just by hearing lots of language and applying some very simple but very powerful learning to this. Our brains are clearly geared up to keep track of these links between words and the world. We know that infants already have the same power to their learning as adults, and we are confident that young children acquire language using the same types of learning as the adults in our study.”
About this language and learning research news
Source: University of Lancaster
Contact: Press Office – University of Lancaster
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Closed access.
“Learning vocabulary and grammar from cross-situational statistics” by Patrick Rebuschat, Padraic Monaghan, Christine Schoetensack. Cognition
Abstract
Learning vocabulary and grammar from cross-situational statistics
Across multiple situations, child and adult learners are sensitive to co-occurrences between individual words and their referents in the environment, which provide a means by which the ambiguity of word-world mappings may be resolved (Monaghan & Mattock, 2012; Scott & Fisher, 2012; Smith & Yu, 2008; Yu & Smith, 2007). In three studies, we tested whether cross-situational learning is sufficiently powerful to support simultaneous learning the referents for words from multiple grammatical categories, a more realistic reflection of more complex natural language learning situations. In Experiment 1, adult learners heard sentences comprising nouns, verbs, adjectives, and grammatical markers indicating subject and object roles, and viewed a dynamic scene to which the sentence referred. In Experiments 2 and 3, we further increased the uncertainty of the referents by presenting two scenes alongside each sentence. In all studies, we found that cross-situational statistical learning was sufficiently powerful to facilitate acquisition of both vocabulary and grammar from complex sentence-to-scene correspondences, simulating the situations that more closely resemble the challenge facing the language learner.
