Hippocampus Shrinkage Linked to Cognitive Decline Beyond Alzheimer’s

Summary: A new study indicates that hippocampal shrinkage in the brain is associated with cognitive decline, independent of amyloid-beta plaques, a key marker of Alzheimer’s disease.

The study suggests that neurodegenerative diseases other than Alzheimer’s contribute to cognitive decline. The research involved 128 participants, monitored over seven years, who underwent brain scans to measure amyloid plaques, tau tangles, and hippocampal volume.

The findings reveal that hippocampal atrophy significantly contributes to cognitive deterioration, irrespective of traditional Alzheimer’s biomarkers, highlighting the complexity of dementia.

Key Facts:

Hippocampus shrinkage was linked to cognitive decline, regardless of amyloid and tau levels in the brain.
The study involved 128 individuals, with extensive brain imaging and yearly cognitive assessments over an average of seven years.
This research underscores the role of factors beyond Alzheimer’s pathology in cognitive impairment, emphasizing the need for broader diagnostic approaches.

Source: ANN

With the rise of new drugs that can target the amyloid-beta plaques in the brain that are an early sign of Alzheimer’s disease, new ways are needed to determine whether memory loss and thinking problems are due to Alzheimer’s disease or another neurodegenerative disorder.

A new study published in the November 15, 2023, online issue of Neurology shows that shrinkage in the hippocampus area of the brain is associated with cognitive decline, even in people who don’t have amyloid plaques in the brain. The hippocampus plays a role in memory.

“These results suggest that neurodegenerative diseases other than Alzheimer’s are contributing to this decline, and measuring the hippocampus volume may help us evaluate these causes that are currently difficult to measure,” said study author Bernard J. Hanseeuw, MD, PhD, of Harvard Medical School in Boston.

“This could help us better predict who would respond to these new drugs as well as people’s trajectories of cognitive decline.”

The study involved 128 people with an average age of 72 who had no thinking or memory problems at the start of the study. The participants had several types of brain scans throughout the study to measure the amount of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in their brains, as well as the volume of the hippocampus.

The tau protein is another biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease. The participants also had yearly cognitive evaluations over an average of seven years of follow-up.

Faster shrinkage in the hippocampus was associated with faster cognitive decline. When researchers looked at all of the biomarkers, they found that hippocampus atrophy was associated with cognitive decline independently of amyloid and tau levels. Hippocampus shrinkage on its own accounted for 10% of the difference in cognitive decline.

“These results emphasize that dementia is a complex condition with many underlying causes and suggest that types of dementia other than Alzheimer’s disease may contribute to shrinkage in the hippocampus and cognitive decline,” Hanseeuw said.

A limitation of the study was that most participants were highly educated and white people, so the results may not apply to all people.

Funding: The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Belgian Fund for Scientific Research, Welbio and Queen Elizabeth Medical Foundation.