Summary: Children as young as five use facial appearance to determine meaningful judgements and expectations of the behavior of others.
Source: APA
Just like adults, children by the age of 5 make rapid and consistent character judgements of others based on facial features, such as the tilt of the mouth or the distance between the eyes. Those facial features also shape how children behave toward others, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.
“For centuries, philosophers, scientists and people, in general, have recognized that facial features fundamentally shape how we judge and behave toward others, yet most of that has been based on intuitions of how adults behave and perceive,” said Tessa E.S. Charlesworth, MA, of Harvard University and lead author of the study in the journal Developmental Psychology. “What is surprising is that children, from such a young age, are also swayed by relatively arbitrary facial features in their consequential judgments and behaviors.”
Previous research has found that children as young as 3 make decisions about a person’s character traits, such as trustworthiness, dominance and competence, by looking at their facial features, according to Charlesworth.
Although these snap judgments based on a person’s facial features may not be accurate or fair, research has shown they can have real-world consequences in elections, hiring and the harshness of criminal sentencings, said Charlesworth. These consequences, however, have so far only been shown among adults looking at others’ faces. Whether these consequences also appeared in the behavior of children was, until the present study, unknown.
“Our study showed that children from age 5, but not younger, appear to consistently use facial features in deciding how they should behave toward a person as well as their expectations of the other person’s behavior,” she said. “In other words, children’s judgments from faces do appear to have consequences for behavior.”
The researchers conducted a series of four experiments with nearly 350 children between the ages of 3 and 13. Some experiments also included samples of adult participants because Charlesworth and her colleagues wanted to compare children’s evaluations of faces with results from adults.
In the first set of experiments, the researchers explored whether children would be able to predict what type of behavior would be associated with a specific face. The children and adults looked at pairs of computer-generated faces that were designed to be perceived as trustworthy or untrustworthy, dominant or submissive and competent or incompetent. Participants were asked questions as the faces appeared on the screen, such as which person they thought was “mean” or “nice” and which person they thought would “pick up heavy things” or “know how to sing a lot of different songs.” One of the experiments also used faces with even more subtle features.
Overall, children 3 years and older, as well as adults, almost always (88 percent of the time) made the stereotypically expected character judgments of the faces. They selected the trustworthy-, submissive- and competent-looking faces as “nice,” and the untrustworthy-, incompetent- and dominant-looking faces as “mean,” according to Charlesworth.
Additionally, children from age 5 and up would pair faces with the stereotypically expected behaviors (e.g., selecting the dominant-looking face as the person who would “pick up heavy things”). The older the child was, the more likely he or she was to pair faces with the stereotypically expected behavior.
“This shows that children from as early as kindergarten use facial appearance to determine meaningful judgments and expectations of others’ behavior,” said Charlesworth.
A second set of experiments examined how children would behave toward people based on facial appearance. The participants looked at pairs of faces that were perceived to be trustworthy- or untrustworthy-looking and dominant- or submissive-looking and asked to pick which person they would rather give a gift to (e.g., “This is Edgar, and this is Martin. If you had only one cookie, which person would you give it to?”).
“By age 5, children were consistently above chance in giving their gifts to the trustworthy- or submissive-looking faces. Although the youngest children, at 3 years old, were not more likely than chance to give gifts to the trustworthy- or submissive-looking faces,” said Charlesworth.
Charlesworth and her colleagues believe that it may take an additional two years for children to make judgments about behavior from facial appearance because behavior judgments are complex and may require more life experience. However, understanding why and how children develop these beliefs and expectations and why they are maintained into adulthood are important topics for continued research, Charlesworth said.
“We have a misguided notion that children are empty vessels into which culture slowly pours itself as they mature,” said Mahzarin R. Banaji, PhD, one of the study’s co-authors, also of Harvard University. “This research shows that perceptions of people, however inaccurate those judgments may be, emerge early in humans. What this study uniquely shows is that these inaccuracies don’t just sit around in a child’s head, they manifest in the child’s behavior toward others who are viewed as good or bad based on features of the face that are irrelevant to decisions about character and personality.”
Source:
APA
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Original Research: Open access.
“Children use targets’ facial appearance to guide and predict social behavior”
Charlesworth, Tessa E. S.,Hudson, Sa-kiera T. J.,Cogsdill, Emily J.,Spelke, Elizabeth S.,Banaji, Mahzarin R. Developmental Psychology doi:10.1037/dev0000734
Abstract
Children use targets’ facial appearance to guide and predict social behavior
Humans possess a tendency to rapidly and consistently make character evaluations from mere facial appearance. Recent work shows that this tendency emerges surprisingly early: children as young as 3-years-old provide adult-like assessments of others on character attributes such as “nice,” “strong,” and “smart” based only on subtle variations in targets’ face shape and physiognomy (i.e., latent face-traits). The present research examined the behavioral consequences of children’s face-trait judgments by asking whether, and if so when in development, the appearance of face-traits also (a) shapes children’s judgments of targets’ behaviors and (b) guides children’s behavior toward targets. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that, by 3 years of age, children used facial features in character evaluations but not in judgments of targets’ behavior, whereas by 5 years of age, children reliably made both character and behavior judgments from face-traits. Age-related change in behavior judgments was also observed in children’s own behaviors toward targets: Experiments 3 and 4 showed that, by age 5 (but not earlier), children were more likely to give gifts to targets with trustworthy and submissive-looking faces (Experiment 3) and showed concordance between their character evaluations and gift-giving behaviors (Experiment 4). These findings newly suggest that, although children may rapidly make character evaluations from face-trait appearance, predicting and performing social behaviors based on face-traits may require more developed and specific understanding of traits and their relationships to behaviors. Nevertheless, by kindergarten, even relatively arbitrary and subtle face-traits appear to have meaningful consequences in shaping children’s social judgments and interactions.
