Summary: Experiencing trauma and adversity during childhood has been linked to a greater risk of tooth loss later in life.
Source: University of Michigan
Even if children grow up to overcome childhood adversity, the trauma they experience in early life causes them to be at greater risk for tooth loss, according to University of Michigan researchers.
Haena Lee, a postdoctoral researcher at the U-M Institute for Social Research, assessed the impact of adverse childhood events on oral health—specifically, total tooth loss—later in life. These events included childhood trauma, abuse and, to a lesser extent, smoking.
“The significant effects of these adverse experiences during childhood on oral health are persistent over and above diabetes and lung disease, which are known to be correlates of poor oral health,” Lee said.
Current research focuses on health conditions such as diabetes and lung disease that can be risk factors for oral health, she says. Medication for diabetes causes dry mouth, which can lead to poor oral health. Heavy smoking, associated with lung disease, can also cause tooth loss.
“But it’s not just these medical conditions that explain your oral function,” said Lee, also a research fellow affiliate of the Population Studies Center and a research fellow in the Survey Research Center. “Nearly 20% of Americans over age 50 are estimated to live with no teeth, and I want to draw attention to life course histories that can capture some other important pathways to this oral health disparity.”
Lee drew data from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of older adults and their spouses in the United States. The study includes a core survey collected every two years and a supplemental survey every off year. In 2015, the supplemental survey asked detailed information about childhood family history.
Lee derived the participants’ oral health information from the 2012 HRS core survey and their childhood experiences, adult educational attainment and poverty status from previous HRS surveys and the 2015 supplemental survey.
Using this data, she investigated three models of life course research: the sensitive period, defined as the time in a person’s life during which events have the most impact on his or her development; the accumulation model, which examines the effect of the accumulation of events over the life course; and the social mobility model, which examines the change in a person’s socioeconomic status during that person’s life.
She discovered that more than 13% of adults over 50 had lost all of their permanent teeth. Nearly 30% of respondents experienced financial hardship, or had lost their parents or experienced a parental divorce by age 16. Ten percent of the respondents had experienced physical abuse and 18% smoked during childhood. Nearly half held a high school diploma or less and 20% of respondents had lived in poverty at least once since age 51.
After controlling for adult socioeconomic status, diabetes and lung disease, Lee found the long-term impact of childhood trauma and abuse on total tooth loss. She also found that older adults are at higher risk of total tooth loss if they have consistently experienced adverse events throughout life.
“The significant effects of these adverse experiences during childhood on oral health are persistent over and above diabetes and lung disease, which are known to be correlates of poor oral health” said Haena Lee.
Lee says she suspects adverse events could impact tooth loss through sociobehavioral pathways. For example, abused children may be more likely to engage in health behaviors such as binge drinking or excessive consumption of sugar or nicotine use, which can contribute to tooth loss.
Stress can also impact inhibitory control of the brain, which may lead to nicotine dependence. Childhood trauma may have a negative effect on learning and achievement, and people with low educational attainment may be less likely to hold jobs that provide dental insurance.
“It’s really sad to say that adversity breeds adversity, but it really seems that dental health is rooted in adverse experiences you encounter over the life course, particularly in childhood,” Lee said. “Future policy may benefit from considering the role of childhood adversity and beyond to reduce further oral health disparity.”
Source:
University of Michigan
Media Contacts:
Morgan Sherburne – University of Michigan
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Closed access
“A life course approach to total tooth loss: Testing the sensitive period, accumulation, and social mobility models in the Health and Retirement Study”. Haena Lee.
Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. doi:10.1111/cdoe.12463
Abstract
A life course approach to total tooth loss: Testing the sensitive period, accumulation, and social mobility models in the Health and Retirement Study
Objectives
Childhood socio‐economic status (SES) has long been associated with later‐life oral health, suggesting that childhood is a sensitive period for oral health. Far less attention has been given to the long‐term impact of childhood trauma, abuse, and smoking on later‐life oral health. This study fills the gap in the literature by examining how adverse childhood experiences—social, psychological, and behavioral—shape total tooth loss over the life course, with an assessment of the sensitive period, accumulation, and social mobility models from life course research.
Methods
Data are drawn from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) merged with multiple HRS data sources to obtain childhood information (N = 6,427; age > 50). Adverse childhood experiences include childhood financial hardship, trauma, abuse, and smoking. Total tooth loss is measured to assess poor oral health in later life. Educational attainment and poverty status (since age 51) are measured as adult adversity. Current health conditions and health behaviors are assessed to reflect the correlates of oral health in later life.
Results
The sensitive period model indicates that childhood trauma such as parental death or divorce (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.80), physical abuse (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03, 1.34), and low educational attainment (≤ high school; OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.04, 2.22) are associated with higher odds of total tooth loss in later life. Poverty status was not associated with the outcome. There was a clear graded relationship between accumulation of adverse experiences and oral health, which supports the accumulation model. In the social mobility model, older adults who occupied a stable disadvantageous position were more likely to be toothless (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.90) compared to those who did not face adversity in any case. Neither upward nor downward mobility mattered.
Conclusions
Failing oral health in older adults, especially total tooth loss, may have its roots in adverse experiences such as childhood trauma, abuse, and low educational attainment. Findings also suggest that oral health in later life may be more influenced by accumulation of adversity rather than changes in social and economic position over the life course.
