Summary: A neuroimaging study reveals the effects of social exclusion in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The study found social exclusion can spur extremist behaviors in people who are most vulnerable to radicalization.
Source: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
A study led by researchers from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), in collaboration with other international institutions, explored the neural and behavioural relationships between sacred values, violent extremism and social exclusion in a group of young Moroccan men living and schooled in Catalonia and vulnerable to radicalisation.
Sacred values are those perceived as non-negotiable, those which must be upheld at all costs. They also contain an identity component related to perceiving the person as a member of their reference group.
The study, published in Frontiers of Psychology, examined the neural substrate of sacred values in relation to ideological adherence, as well as those related to religious or national/group identity. This neural activity associated with the will to fight and die defending sacred values, as well as the effects social exclusion has over this activity, occurs in the left inferior frontal gyrus, a region previously associated with sacred values and rule retrieval.
The study used neuroimaging to confirm the relationship between this region of the brain with the will to fight and die for these values. “Alongside other studies, these findings suggest that sacred values are processed through an ethical reasoning based on duty or ‘what must be done’, and not an evaluation of costs and benefits, while nonsacred values are more flexible and subject to negotiation”, says research coordinator and UAB and IMIM researcher Òscar Vilarroya.
The study also shows how social exclusion, manipulated through an online toss ball game, had notable effects at both neural and behavioural levels. By comparing a sub-group subject to social exclusion with a control sub-group, researchers were able to confirm an increase in willingness to fight and die for values considered nonsacred before the social exclusion occurred, as well as a parallel increase in the activity within the brain region examined.
According to postdoctoral researcher at the UAB and first author of the paper Clara Pretus, “this leads us to think that social exclusion can lead to the sacralisation of group values, making them more similar to sacred values, both in the neural activity observed and in a greater expressed willingness to fight and die defending them”.
Until now, only one neuroimaging study with university students from the United States had identified neural activity associated with sacred values in the left inferior frontal gyrus.
This study is the first to find this activity among individuals vulnerable to radicalisation and it is also the first to demonstrate the effects social exclusion have on identified brain activity.
“The study was conducted with a group of young Moroccan men, but the results could be applied to any other group of young men vulnerable to be radicalised”, Vilarroya points out.
“The results could serve when dealing with groups upholding sacred values, given that knowing about these values and managing them as something not subject to material incentives can help to make an approach effective”, Pretus highlights.
A Two-Phase Study
The study was conducted in two distinct phases. The first phase consisted in extensive fieldwork with surveys conducted with over 500 young Moroccan men in Barcelona and surrounding areas with the aim of detecting those with greater vulnerability for radicalisation. Vulnerability was considered to exist among those who expressed willingness to defend the sacred values promoted by jihadist terrorist groups, either by engaging in violent protest and actions, financially supporting nonstate militant groups, joining a nonstate militant group, or fighting and dying on their own. The 38 participants who met this criteria and were interested in participating in the study while maintaining their anonymity were invited to a neuroimaging session. At the beginning of the session, they were asked to name the values considered sacred by jihadists and the degree to which they were willing to fight and die defending them.
A study conducted by the UAB and IMIM used neuroimaging techniques to show that social exclusion increases the number of ideological and group values worth fighting and dying for in populations vulnerable to radicalisation. The study focused on neural activity in a region of the brain related to rule retrieval and sacred values. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Participants were later divided into two sub-groups and assigned to one of two different versions of the online game Cyberball: one under the condition of social exclusion and the other as part of the control group. In this online exclusion game, participants pass the ball to three virtual players, who were given typical local names: Dani, Javi and José. In the exclusion version, these three players pass the ball to the participant only twice right at the beginning of the game. In the control group, the three players pass the ball to the participant with the same frequency as they do the rest of players.
At the end of the game, the neural activity of all participants was measured using a magnetic resonance imaging scanner while they responded about their willingness to fight and die to defend one of their sacred or nonsacred values mentioned at the beginning of the session.
Funding: Participating in the study were researchers from the Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine at the UAB and the IMIM (Clara Pretus, Òscar Vilarroya and Adolf Tobeña), University College London (Nafees Hamid), The New School of Social Research (Jeremy Ginges), Artis International and Oxford University (Richard Davis and Scott Atran).
Source: María Jesús Delgado – Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access research for “Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Sacred Values and Vulnerability to Violent Extremism” by Clara Pretus, Nafees Hamid, Hammad Sheikh, Jeremy Ginges, Adolf Tobeña, Richard Davis, Oscar Vilarroya and Scott Atran in Frontiers in Psychology. Published January 10 2019.
doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02462
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona “Social Exclusion Spurs Extremism in Those Vulnerable to Radicalization.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 10 January 2019.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/radicalization-social-exclusion-neuroimaging-10502/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona(2019, January 10). Social Exclusion Spurs Extremism in Those Vulnerable to Radicalization. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved January 10, 2019 from https://neurosciencenews.com/radicalization-social-exclusion-neuroimaging-10502/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona “Social Exclusion Spurs Extremism in Those Vulnerable to Radicalization.” https://neurosciencenews.com/radicalization-social-exclusion-neuroimaging-10502/ (accessed January 10, 2019).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Sacred Values and Vulnerability to Violent Extremism
Violent extremism is often explicitly motivated by commitment to abstract ideals such as the nation or divine law—so-called “sacred” values that are relatively insensitive to material incentives and define our primary reference groups. Moreover, extreme pro-group behavior seems to intensify after social exclusion. This fMRI study explores underlying neural and behavioral relationships between sacred values, violent extremism, and social exclusion. Ethnographic fieldwork and psychological surveys were carried out among 535 young men from a European Muslim community in neighborhoods in and around Barcelona, Spain. Candidates for an fMRI experiment were selected from those who expressed willingness to engage in or facilitate, violence associated with jihadist causes; 38 of whom agreed to be scanned. In the scanner, participants were assessed for their willingness to fight and die for in-group sacred values before and after an experimental manipulation using Cyberball, a toss ball game known to yield strong feelings of social exclusion. Results indicate that neural activity associated with sacred value processing in a sample vulnerable to recruitment into violent extremism shows marked activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus, a region previously associated with sacred values and rule retrieval. Participants also behaviorally expressed greater willingness to fight and die for sacred versus nonsacred values, consistent with previous studies of combatants and noncombatants. The social exclusion manipulation specifically affected nonsacred values, increasing their similarities with sacred values in terms of heightened left inferior frontal activity and greater expressed willingness to fight and die. These findings suggest that sacralization of values interacts with willingness to engage in extreme behavior in populations vulnerable to radicalization. In addition, social exclusion may be a relevant factor motivating violent extremism and consolidation of sacred values. If so, counteracting social exclusion and sacralization of values should figure into policies to prevent radicalization.
