Imagining a Positive Outcome Biases Subsequent Memories

Summary: Emotional content matters when it comes to episodic memories, researchers report. Imagining a positive event biases recall to positive details.

Source: APS.

Imagining that a future event will go well may lead you to remember it more positively after it’s over, according to findings from research published in Psychological Science.

“Our results suggest that imagining an upcoming event can essentially ‘color’ your memory for that event once it comes to pass,” says psychological scientist Aleea Devitt of Harvard University, first author on the study.

“Research has shown that healthy adults tend to have an unrealistically favorable outlook, and our studies suggest that one potential benefit of this optimism might be that we remember events in a more positive way, which could contribute to general well-being,” she explains.

Daydreaming about the future is a common experience and many of the events we muse about eventually come to pass. Devitt and study coauthor Daniel L. Schacter, also of Harvard University, hypothesized that simulating a future event may produce a mental representation that ultimately competes with and alters memory for the event after it has happened.

In one experiment, the researchers presented 27 participants with a series of 12 randomly-selected scenarios. For each scenario, participants imagined the event going well (or going poorly) and described it aloud for 3 minutes.

After a 15-minute break, the researchers told the participants to imagine that it was a year later and that they were going to learn how the events turned out. The participants then read brief narratives of the events, each of which contained some positive, negative, and neutral details.

On a subsequent recognition test 48 hours later, they saw 12 details (some positive and some negative) for each narrative, and indicated whether those details had appeared in the narrative.

Emotional content mattered: Participants incorrectly identified more positive details as “true” than they did negative details.

Importantly, how they imagined the event influenced what they remembered from the narrative later. Participants were more likely to mistakenly identify positive details as “true” if they had previously imagined the event going well. Imagining a negative outcome before learning how an event turned out did not seem to influence participants’ memory for the event details.

A second experiment produced similar results, showing that imagining a positive event, either in the future or the past, biased participants’ subsequent recall toward positive details. Participants who imagined scenarios in a positive light also rated the actual event more positively when they took the recognition test.

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Emotional content mattered: Participants incorrectly identified more positive details as “true” than they did negative details. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

“These results suggest that adopting an optimistic outlook can actually transfer to a rosier reflection once those upcoming experiences become part of the personal past,” says Devitt.

Devitt and Schacter are now investigating whether a similar phenomenon occurs among healthy old adults, as research has shown that older adults tend to imagine events with less detail but also show an overall positive bias in attention and memory.

About this neuroscience research article

Funding: This work was supported by a National Institute on Aging grant (R01 AG08441) awarded to Daniel L. Schacter.

Source: Anna Mikulak – APS
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Abstract for “An Optimistic Outlook Creates a Rosy Past: The Impact of Episodic Simulation on Subsequent Memory” by Aleea L. Devitt, and Daniel L. Schacter in Psychological Science. Published April 12 2018.
doi:10.1177/0956797617753936

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]APS “Imagining a Positive Outcome Biases Subsequent Memories.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 24 April 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/outcome-memory-8870/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]APS (2018, April 24). Imagining a Positive Outcome Biases Subsequent Memories. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved April 24, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/outcome-memory-8870/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]APS “Imagining a Positive Outcome Biases Subsequent Memories.” https://neurosciencenews.com/outcome-memory-8870/ (accessed April 24, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

An Optimistic Outlook Creates a Rosy Past: The Impact of Episodic Simulation on Subsequent Memory

People frequently engage in future thinking in everyday life, but it is unknown how simulating an event in advance changes how that event is remembered once it takes place. To initiate study of this important topic, we conducted two experiments in which participants simulated emotional events before learning the hypothetical outcome of each event via narratives. Memory was assessed for emotional details contained in those narratives. Positive simulation resulted in a liberal response bias for positive information and a conservative bias for negative information. Events preceded by positive simulation were considered more favorably in retrospect. In contrast, negative simulation had no impact on subsequent memory. Results were similar across an immediate and delayed memory test and for past and future simulation. These results provide novel insights into the cognitive consequences of episodic future simulation and build on the optimism-bias literature by showing that adopting a favorable outlook results in a rosy memory.

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