Imagine a room or a landscape or a city street.
Part of what differentiates that scene from a face or an object is the fact that it has boundaries, and University of Pennsylvania researchers Joshua Julian, Russell Epstein, Jack Ryan and Roy Hamilton aimed to parse out which part of the brain helps perceive those borders. What they learned, through two experiments involving transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, is that this function falls to the occipital place area, also called the OPA.
“When we navigate in the world, we need to be able to figure out where we are,” said Julian, a psychology graduate student in Arts & Sciences and first author of a new Current Biology paper on these findings. “It turns out that the boundaries of the environment are a really important cue.”
The OPA, located near the top of the back of the head, is known for its strong response to visual scenes. “Based on anatomy alone, it’s a region likely to be involved in perception,” Julian said. “That made it a good candidate for involvement in boundary perception.” The researchers decided to test their theory with 24 participants completing one of two TMS studies.
To begin, they took fMRI scans to determine the exact OPA location in each individual, then stimulated this region with TMS, disrupting normal processing for about 20 to 30 minutes. During this period, the participants learned the locations of four objects inside a virtual-reality “room” shown on a desktop computer.
In the first experiment, two of the objects always appeared in the same position relative to the room’s boundary; the other two always appeared in the same spot relative to another object acting as a landmark. After learning these locations, participants exited the room, and all objects but the landmark disappeared. Participants then returned to the room to navigate to where the missing objects previously stood.
They made more errors after OPA stimulation but only for the boundary-related pair, Julian explained. “Stimulation of this region impaired navigation relative to the bounding wall but not the landmark object.”
For the second experiment, subjects were tested in two nearly identical virtual-reality arenas, one with a circular boundary wall, the other with no wall but a large circle drawn on the ground. In this case, there was no landmark object. As in the first experiment, the researchers examined participants’ memories for object locations. Despite the close resemblance of the two environments, OPA stimulation only weakened a subject’s ability to determine the location of the missing object in the scene bounded by a wall.
The pair of results tells the scientists that the OPA plays a big role in determining boundaries during navigation.
“This is an important missing piece of the puzzle,” Epstein said. “To navigate, you need to be able to look out at the environment and figure out where you are. It’s one thing to have an internal map of the world, but you can only use it if you can look out and say, ‘Where am I on the map?’ We’re looking at the systems that allow you to do that.”
To date only a handful of researchers have studied the OPA, focusing on its general role in processing scenes, not on its specific function in perceiving barriers. Two other brain regions, the parahippocampal place area and the retrosplenial complex, that respond similarly to scenes had the potential to play a role in boundary perception, but the scientists say their hypotheses came in part due to the dearth of OPA research.
“We know a lot about those other two regions. The OPA, although we’ve known it existed for a long time, we didn’t know that much about its function,” Epstein said. “If you’re a vision nerd and you want to know what these regions do, this one has been a bit of blank spot.”
Filling in that hole is exciting to the researchers. There could be potential for broader implications, for example, new information for diagnosing people with Alzheimer’s, but for now the scientists enjoy the fact that they’re making strides in their field.
“We found these unique systems inside the brain,” Epstein said. “That means we’ve identified a piece of the mind, a fundamental element of cognition, which is our goal as psychologists.”
Funding: Funding for this research came from the National Science Foundation and National Institutes of Health.
Source: Michele Berger – University of Pennsylvania
Image Source: The image is credited to University of Pennsylvania.
Original Research: Abstract for “The Occipital Place Area Is Causally Involved in Representing Environmental Boundaries during Navigation” by Joshua B. Julian, Jack Ryan, Roy H. Hamilton, and Russell A. Epstein in Current Biology. Published online March 24 2016 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.066
Abstract
The Occipital Place Area Is Causally Involved in Representing Environmental Boundaries during Navigation
Highlights
•TMS to the OPA impairs accuracy of navigation to locations in a virtual arena
•This impairment is observed for locations defined by distance to a bounding wall
•This impairment is not found for locations defined by landmarks or visual markings
•Results causally implicate OPA in the perception of environmental boundaries
Summary
Thirty years of research suggests that environmental boundaries—e.g., the walls of an experimental chamber or room—exert powerful influence on navigational behavior, often to the exclusion of other cues . Consistent with this behavioral work, neurons in brain structures that instantiate spatial memory often exhibit firing fields that are strongly controlled by environmental boundaries. Despite the clear importance of environmental boundaries for spatial coding, however, a brain region that mediates the perception of boundary information has not yet been identified. We hypothesized that the occipital place area (OPA), a scene-selective region located near the transverse occipital sulcus, might provide this perceptual source by extracting boundary information from visual scenes during navigation. To test this idea, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to interrupt processing in the OPA while subjects performed a virtual-reality memory task that required them to learn the spatial locations of test objects that were either fixed in place relative to the boundary of the environment or moved in tandem with a landmark object. Consistent with our prediction, we found that TMS to the right OPA impaired spatial memory for boundary-tethered, but not landmark-tethered, objects. Moreover, this effect was found when the boundary was defined by a wall, but not when it was defined by a marking on the ground. These results show that the OPA is causally involved in boundary-based spatial navigation and suggest that the OPA is the perceptual source of the boundary information that controls navigational behavior.
“The Occipital Place Area Is Causally Involved in Representing Environmental Boundaries during Navigation” by Joshua B. Julian, Jack Ryan, Roy H. Hamilton, and Russell A. Epstein in Current Biology. Published online March 24 2016 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.066
