Humans have the remarkably ability to integrate information from multiple memories and infer indirect relationships. But how does our brain support this important function? Neuroscientists from the Donders Institute at Radboud University (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) have now shown that rhythmic brain waves, called theta oscillations, engage and synchronize the brain regions that support the integration of memories. The results were published in the journal Current Biology.
Activity in the brain is not constantly high or low, but rather organized in waves that come and go. For one such type of wave, called theta, activity goes up and down a couple of times per second. “We know from previous work that the theta rhythm is important for memory, and also that temporal and frontal brain regions interact when you combine memories” says Christian Doeller, senior author of the study. “Here we bring these two observations together, by showing that theta oscillations are crucial for memory integration”.
Distant brain regions communicate and integrate memory by synchronizing brain waves
There was one problem: in healthy individuals, brain oscillations can only be measured from outside the brain, making it difficult to get signals from structures deep inside the brain. The hippocampus, a key brain region for memory, happens to be such a deep structure. “We had to use advanced computational techniques to reconstruct oscillatory signals from the hippocampus” says lead researcher Alexander Backus. “Using these hippocampal signals, we found that the amount of theta oscillations increased whenever someone succeeds in linking two separate memories”. In addition, we saw that theta oscillations from hippocampus were synchronized to with the medial prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in storing knowledge networks. According to Backus, distant brain regions are able to communicate by synchronizing their theta waves, enabling them to integrate previously stored memories.
Understanding diseases with deficient memory integration
The findings are important for certain diseases linked to memory integration. For instance in post-traumatic stress disorder, memories from a past traumatic event are mistakenly linked to everyday life situations. The results of this study might bring us closer to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such conditions.
According to Doeller, the key observations of the study also have a big impact on our understanding of higher cognitive functions: “The ability to combine information from different memories is what allows us to make decisions based on past experience. Ultimately, this is how we acquire knowledge about our world.”
Source: Donders Institute
Image Source: The image is adapted from the Donders Institute press release
Original Research: Abstract for “Hippocampal-Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Support Memory Integration” by Alexander R. Backus, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, Szabolcs Szebényi, Simon Hanslmayr, and Christian F. Doeller in Current Biology. Published online January 28 2016 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.048
Abstract
Hippocampal-Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Support Memory Integration
Highlights
•We used deep-source MEG to study the physiological mechanism of memory integration
•Medial temporal lobe theta amplitude predicts successful integration of memories
•Memory integration involves increased hippocampal-mPFC theta coupling
Summary
Integration of separate memories forms the basis of inferential reasoning—an essential cognitive process that enables complex behavior. Considerable evidence suggests that both hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) play a crucial role in memory integration. Although previous studies indicate that theta oscillations facilitate memory processes, the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying memory integration remain elusive. To bridge this gap, we recorded magnetoencephalography data while participants performed an inference task and employed novel source reconstruction techniques to estimate oscillatory signals from the hippocampus. We found that hippocampal theta power during encoding predicts subsequent memory integration. Moreover, we observed increased theta coherence between hippocampus and mPFC. Our results suggest that integrated memory representations arise through hippocampal theta oscillations, possibly reflecting dynamic switching between encoding and retrieval states, and facilitating communication with mPFC. These findings have important implications for our understanding of memory-based decision making and knowledge acquisition.
“Hippocampal-Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Support Memory Integration” by Alexander R. Backus, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, Szabolcs Szebényi, Simon Hanslmayr, and Christian F. Doeller in Current Biology. Published online January 28 2016 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.048
