Summary: When learning new vocabulary, repeating words can have a negative effect on learning. Silently listening to the words or pausing between hearing and producing the new word helps to better consolidate language learning.
Source: BCBL
When someone hears a concept or a person’s name for the first time, the most common way of learning this new word is to repeat it out loud. However, previous studies have found contradictory effects of this almost simultaneous production on our capacity to learn new words.
A new study carried out by the Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL) found that when learning new vocabulary repeating the words can have negative effects on learning, particularly when the repetition is immediate.
Silently listening to the word or pausing between hearing and producing the word can be more effective ways to learn it.
To reach this conclusion, researchers at the BCBL analyzed the cognitive mechanisms involved in language processing in more than 300 volunteers. They focused on how we are able to recognize a recently integrated word in our mental lexicon.
“In this study we examined how immediately repeating a new word out loud or not repeating it can affect learning. In other words, what impact this study method actually has on the integration of a concept that we’ve just heard into our lexical system so that we can recognize it later,” says Efthymia Kapnoula, the BCBL researcher leading the project.
Training sessions
The participants who have helped researchers at the BCBL to collect the data needed to carry out this study have undergone various tests and training sessions to find out what is the best way of studying new words.
In the first stage of the project, eye-tracking techniques were used to observe in real time whether repeating or not repeating a word at the time of learning it had positive or negative effects on its integration into the mental lexical system.
“In this first experiment we saw that repetition had a slight positive effect at the beginning, but its final impact was negative,” Kapnoula says.
Therefore, in the second stage, longer terms were used in the training phase and some of the sounds were modified afterwards, such as changing an “s” to resemble an “f.” This allowed researchers to test the extent to which cognitive mechanisms were able not only to integrate the word but also to recalibrate the perception of speech sounds to recognize the correct word.
In this second training session the participants were divided into four different groups: one group learned words just by listening to them, another had to repeat each word immediately after hearing it, another repeated each word two seconds after hearing it, and the final group repeated each word four seconds later.
According to the experts at the BCBL, the different methods helped determine that the negative effect of repeating the words in the study was due to the overlap in time between encoding the word in the brain and producing it.
“When a person repeats a word immediately after hearing it, cognitive resources are dedicated to preparing the production of the word and, as a result, these resources cannot be used to deeply encode that word. In contrast, if production is delayed for a few seconds, this overlap is avoided, allowing deeper learning and encoding to take place,” says Kapnoula.
The results, published in the journal Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, not only improve our understanding of the cognitive mechanisms involved in learning new words, but they could also help to develop more efficient education programs.
“Understanding these cognitive mechanisms can teach us how to use repetition more efficiently in educational contexts. For example, teachers can encourage students to repeat a new word the first time they hear it, but after this first exposure, the learning processes should focus more on listening rather than on production,” Kapnoula says.
About this language and learning research news
Author: Press Office
Source: BCBL
Contact: Press Office – BCBL
Image: The image is in the public domain
Original Research: Closed access.
“Wait long and prosper! Delaying production alleviates its detrimental effect on word learning” by Efthymia C. Kapnoula et al. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience
Abstract
Wait long and prosper! Delaying production alleviates its detrimental effect on word learning
Recent work by Baese-Berk and Samuel (Baese-Berk, M. M., & Samuel, A. G. (2022). Just give it time: Differential effects of disruption and delay on perceptual learning.
Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 84(3), 960–980.) suggests that immediate – but not delayed – production has a detrimental effect on learning a non-native speech sound contrast. We tested whether this pattern is also found for word learning.
Each participant learned 12 new words in one of four training conditions: Perception-Only, Immediate-Production, 2-seconds-Delayed-Production, and 4-seconds-Delayed-Production. At test, we assessed how well new words were embedded into the mental lexicon by measuring the degree to which they could drive phonemic recalibration (also called “perceptual learning”).
Training and testing were repeated on the next day along with a word recognition task assessing lexical configuration. Replicating previous findings, Day 1 results showed that repeating a new word immediately after hearing it disrupted learning compared to just hearing it.
Critically, in line with our prediction, this negative effect disappeared when a 4-second pause was inserted between hearing and producing each word.
