Summary: Dogs possess a ‘g factor’ akin to humans, illuminating the hierarchical structure of canine intelligence and its implications for aging. By evaluating 129 family dogs over two and a half years, the team identified broad cognitive domains—problem-solving and learning ability—that interlink to form a canine general cognitive factor.
This ‘g factor’ not only correlates with traits like exploratory behavior, novelty interest, and trainability but also declines with age, particularly in dogs with poorer health. These findings not only advance our comprehension of canine cognition and its parallels with human intelligence but also underscore the potential of dogs as model species for aging research.
Key Facts:
- The study reveals dogs have a general cognitive factor (‘g factor’) that mirrors the hierarchical organization of human intelligence, encompassing problem-solving and learning abilities.
- Higher ‘g factor’ scores in dogs are associated with greater exploratory behavior, novelty interest, and better performance in new learning situations, similar to humans.
- Canine cognitive abilities decline with age, with health status significantly influencing the rate of decline, highlighting parallels between canine and human aging patterns.
Source: ELTE
The quest to understand intelligence and unravel the workings of the mind has always been considered the holy grail of natural sciences. While we’re still uncovering many mysteries, animals can provide valuable insights into the origins and organisation of both mind and intellect.
In their latest, study researchers at the Department of Ethology at Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) discovered that dogs may possess a key component of intelligence known as the ‘g factor’. Importantly, this factor shares many characteristics with its human counterpart, including its ageing patterns.
These findings could bring us closer to understanding how dog (and human) cognition is organised, and how cognitive decline progresses with age.
In humans, success in various cognitive tests tends to correlate positively; individuals who e.g. excel in math may also ace their literature essay. Human cognitive abilities are thus somewhat centralised, but also organised hierarchically, from specific task performances to broader cognitive domains. At the apex of this hierarchy lies the so-called general cognitive factor, or the ‘g factor’.
This ‘g factor’ is a fundamental component of intelligence, it encompasses and influences all underlying cognitive abilities, and is also closely related to academic, workplace, and career success.
In their latest research, researchers at the Department of Ethology at ELTE inquired about the existence of such a general cognitive factor in the case of dogs.
‘The cognitive and socio-cognitive performance of dogs is a highly popular topic in scientific literature, yet most studies are comparative, focusing on how well dogs perform as a species.
Surprisingly, these studies have largely overlooked the individual differences in specific skills and the reasons behind them.
As a result, we know very little about how dogs’ cognitive abilities are structured,’ said Borbála Turcsán, one of the lead authors of the study published in GeroScience.
To investigate this, researchers compiled a series of seven tasks to assess the cognitive performance of 129 family dogs aged between three and fifteen years, tracking them over two and a half years. The performances in these tests formed a hierarchical structure similar to the one seen in human cognition.
Researchers identified two broad cognitive domains: Independent problem-solving, which included tests of persistence, problem-solving, and memory, and Learning ability, which encompassed associative learning and one-trial learning tests.
These domains were interconnected, indicating that dogs with better problem-solving skills generally learned new tasks more quickly, confirming the existence of a higher-order, general cognitive factor that ties them together. Drawing from human literature, the authors referred to this as the ‘canine g factor.’
The researchers were not satisfied with just finding the ‘canine g factor’; they also wanted to confirm if it has a predictive power similar to that described for g in humans.
‘To confirm that we have indeed identified the general cognitive factor, we examined whether this factor correlates with individual characteristics known from the literature of humans and other animal species to be associated with the ‘g factor,’ explained Tamás Faragó, researcher at the ELTE Department of Ethology.
The results revealed that dogs with high ‘g factor’ scores were more inclined to explore unfamiliar environments, showed greater interest in novelties, and performed better in new learning situations
than dogs with lower scores. Moreover, the dogs’ g score was also related to their personality which was measured using a questionnaire filled out by the dog owners. High ‘g factor’ score was associated with higher levels of activity, training level, and trainability.
These findings confirmed that the ‘canine g factor’ resembles the human g factor not only in the structure but also in external correlations.
In addition to the numerous parallels between canine and human g factors, exploring the correlations of canine cognitive abilities has opened new perspectives in the field of ageing research. ‘It is well-known that as dogs age, their attention, learning ability, and memory naturally decline.
“However, if cognitive abilities are interconnected, it’s plausible that their decline with age is not independent but rather linked to a common underlying factor behind the deterioration of various abilities,’ – emphasised Zsófia Bognár, PhD student, the other lead author of the study.
The researchers also tracked the changes in the dogs’ cognitive performance over two and a half years and based on this longitudinal assessment they demonstrated that indeed, there is a global cognitive decline, the ‘canine g factor’ score decreased with age.
However, this decline was influenced by the health status of the dogs: dogs in poorer health exhibited a faster decline in the ‘g factor’ value with age, whereas no significant change with age was observed in dogs in good health.
While this global decline affected all cognitive abilities, the results also revealed that age-related changes in memory and associative learning abilities are influenced by other factors, leading to diverse ageing dynamics.
“This aging-pattern resembles human aging, and it is an important finding for later efforts to identify the molecular and neurological causes of cognitive decline.”
‘This new research highlights intriguing parallels between human and canine ageing, further strengthening the argument that dogs serve as an excellent model species for aging research,’ – emphasised Enikő Kubinyi, leader of the MTA-ELTE Companion Animal Research Group and the Senior Family Dog Program.
‘Moreover, our findings support the existence of the ‘canine g factor’, suggesting that dogs can also help in understanding the evolution and background of human intelligence.’
About this animal intelligence research news
Author: Sara Bohm
Source; ELTE
Contact: Sara Bohm – ELTE
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“Age-related effects on a hierarchical structure of canine cognition” by Borbála Turcsán et al. GeroScience
Abstract
Age-related effects on a hierarchical structure of canine cognition
The current study investigates whether there are statistically independent age-related influences on the canine cognitive structure and how individual factors moderate cognitive aging on both cross-sectional and longitudinal samples.
A battery of seven tasks was administered to 129 pet dogs, on which exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were employed to unveil the correlational structure underlying individual differences in cognitive performance.
The best-fitting model featured a hierarchical structure with two first-order cognitive domains (individual problem solving, learning) and a second-order common factor. These higher order factors exhibited consistency over a period of at least 2.5 years.
External validation linked the common factor positively to discrimination and reversal learning performance, exploration, neophilia, activity/excitability, and training level while negatively to cognitive dysfunction symptoms, suggesting that it is a good candidate for a general cognitive factor (canine g).
Structural equation models identified three distinct age-related influences, operating on associative learning, on memory, and on canine g.
Health status moderated the negative age-canine g relationship, with a stronger association observed in dogs with poorer health status, and no relationship for dogs in good health.
On a longitudinal sample (N = 99), we showed that the direction and magnitude of change in canine g over up to 3 years is affected by various interactions between the dogs’ age, communication score, baseline performance, and time elapsed since the baseline measurement.
These findings underscore the presence of a general cognitive factor in dogs and reveal intriguing parallels between human and canine aging, affirming the translational value of dogs in cognition and aging research.
