Rethinking the Link Between Cannabinoids and Learning

Summary: Disrupted cannabinoid signaling impairs learning by altering behavioral states.

Source: Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown

Cannabinoids have a strong influence on how our brains work and how we behave. Many people are only aware of the recreational aspect of cannabinoids. But in fact these molecules naturally exist in our brains where they participate in various intrinsic processes.

Altered cannabinoid signalling, for instance due to chronic use of marijuana, results in a range of impairments. Similarly, mice lacking cannabinoid receptors exhibit reduced activity levels, as well as deficits in learning and memory.

How do cannabinoids exact their effect on learning? A team led by Megan Carey, a principal investigator at the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown in Portugal, and Catarina Albergaria, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab, decided to tap into this question by investigating the brain mechanisms involved in a classical learning task called eyeblink conditioning.

The immediate suspect

In eyeblink conditioning, subjects learn to associate the appearance of a sensory stimulus, for example a flash of light, with a subsequent delivery of an airpuff to the eye. Once learned, the subject – in this case a mouse – closes its eyes when the light appears to avoid the airpuff. “It’s just like Pavlov’s dog and the bell,” says Albergaria.

Previous studies had established that this form of learning takes place in a brain structure called the cerebellum, and that it was impaired by altered cannabinoid signaling in both humans and mice. To study the role of cannabinoids in learning, the team used mutant mice lacking cannabinoid receptors, which show impaired eyeblink conditioning.

Why are these mice impaired? When they started, the researchers had an immediate suspect in mind. “Many studies support the idea that cannabinoids mediate neural plasticity, or experience-dependent changes in the connections between neurons,” Carey explains. “We therefore first hypothesized that interfering with this process was what was driving the impairments in learning.”

But like a good mystery novel, the immediate suspect turned out to be the wrong one. What was the real culprit? “In a study we published two years ago, we found that the more mice ran, the better they learned”, Albergaria explains. The team began to suspect that the difference in learning might instead be due to the reduced activity levels of the mutant mice.

Spotlight on behavioural state

“We wondered whether the mutant mice weren’t learning as well simply because they weren’t active enough,” Albergaria recalls. Today in the journal eLife, the team reports that the altered behavioral state of the mutants fully accounts for their impaired eyeblink conditioning. When the researchers placed the mice on a motorised treadmill that ensured that the mutants walked as much as normal mice, the results were striking: learning was completely restored.

The cerrebellum in this brain image is replaces with a cannabis leaf
Fluorescent image of a mouse brain with the cerebellum highlighted in the shape of a marijuana leaf. Image credited to Rita Félix, PhD..

The team also found that other cerebellar behaviors, locomotor coordination and learning, were normal in the cannabinoid mutants. Further, eyeblink conditioning was fully intact in mice that lacked cannabinoid receptors specifically within the cerebellum. “These experiments further supported our hypothesis that disrupted cannabinoid signaling was impairing learning by altering behavioral state, and not through direct effects on neural plasticity in the cerebellum,” says Carey.

“There is a growing body of evidence that behavioural state profoundly influences brain function,” says Carey. “Our study highlights the need to consider behavioral state as a powerful independent means through which individual genes contribute to complex behaviors.”

“We were able to overcome a learning deficit associated with a genetic mutation with a purely behavioral intervention,” adds Albergaria, suggesting a potential real-world consequence for these findings.

About this neuroscience and learning research news

Source: Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown
Contact: Maria João Soares – Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown
Image: Image is credited to Rita Félix, PhD.

Original Research: Open access.
Cannabinoids modulate associative cerebellar learning via alterations in behavioral state” by Catarina Albergaria, N Tatiana Silva, Dana M Darmohray, Megan R Carey. eLife


Abstract

Cannabinoids modulate associative cerebellar learning via alterations in behavioral state

Cannabinoids are notorious and profound modulators of behavioral state. In the brain, endocannabinoids act via Type 1-cannabinoid receptors (CB1) to modulate synaptic transmission and mediate multiple forms of synaptic plasticity. CB1 knockout (CB1KO) mice display a range of behavioral phenotypes, in particular hypoactivity and various deficits in learning and memory, including cerebellum-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning. Here we find that the apparent effects of CB1 deletion on cerebellar learning are not due to direct effects on CB1-dependent plasticity, but rather, arise as a secondary consequence of altered behavioral state. Hypoactivity of CB1KO mice accounts for their impaired eyeblink conditioning across both animals and trials. Moreover, learning in these mutants is rescued by walking on a motorized treadmill during training. Finally, cerebellar granule-cell-specific CB1KOs exhibit normal eyeblink conditioning, and both global and granule-cell-specific CB1KOs display normal cerebellum-dependent locomotor coordination and learning. These findings highlight the modulation of behavioral state as a powerful independent means through which individual genes contribute to complex behaviors.

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