Summary: A new study reveals a potential link between sleep apnea, reduced time in deep sleep, and brain biomarkers associated with increased risk of conditions like stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive decline.
This research involved 140 people with obstructive sleep apnea and primarily focused on biomarkers related to the health of the brain’s white matter. Participants with severe sleep apnea displayed a higher volume of white matter hyperintensities (small lesions visible on brain scans) and reduced axonal integrity.
The study stresses that sleep disturbances are not definitively the cause of these brain changes, but the correlation warrants further investigation. The ultimate goal is to identify prevention strategies or treatments to halt or slow these detrimental changes in the brain.
Key Facts:
- The study found a potential association between sleep apnea, reduced deep sleep, and biomarkers indicative of early cerebrovascular disease, which is associated with an increased risk of stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive decline.
- Participants with severe sleep apnea exhibited a higher volume of white matter hyperintensities (small brain lesions) and reduced axonal integrity, both of which are key biomarkers of brain health.
- The researchers discovered that for every 10-point decrease in the percentage of slow-wave (deep) sleep, there was an increase in the amount of white matter hyperintensities, similar to the effect of aging 2.3 years, and a decrease in axonal integrity, similar to aging three years.
Source: AAN
People who have sleep apnea and spend less time in deep sleep may be more likely to have brain biomarkers that have been linked to an increased risk of stroke, Alzheimer’s disease and cognitive decline, according to new research.
The study does not prove that these sleep disturbances cause the changes in the brain, or vice versa. It only shows an association.
The study looked at sleep factors and biomarkers of the health of the brain’s white matter. The biomarkers measure how well the brain’s white matter is preserved, which is important to connect different parts of the brain. One of the biomarkers, white matter hyperintensities, are tiny lesions visible on brain scans. White matter hyperintensities become more common with age or with uncontrolled high blood pressure. The other biomarker measures the integrity of the axons, which form the nerve fibers that connect nerve cells.
“These biomarkers are sensitive signs of early cerebrovascular disease,” said study author Diego Z. Carvalho, MD, MS, of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and a member of the American Academy of Neurology.
“Finding that severe sleep apnea and a reduction in slow-wave sleep are associated with these biomarkers is important since there is no treatment for these changes in the brain, so we need to find ways to prevent them from happening or getting worse.”
The study involved 140 people with obstructive sleep apnea with an average age of 73 who had a brain scan and also an overnight study in a sleep lab. The participants did not have cognitive issues at the start of the study and had not developed dementia by the end of the study. A total of 34% had mild, 32% had moderate and 34% had severe sleep apnea.
The sleep study examined how long people spent in slow-wave sleep, which is also called non-REM stage 3, or deep sleep, and is considered one of the best markers of sleep quality. The researchers found that for every 10-point decrease in the percentage of slow-wave sleep, there was an increase in the amount of white matter hyperintensities similar to the effect of being 2.3 years older. The same decrease was also associated with reduced axonal integrity similar to the effect of being three years older.
People with severe sleep apnea had a higher volume of white matter hyperintensities than those with mild or moderate sleep apnea. They also had reduced axonal integrity in the brain.
The researchers accounted for age, sex and conditions that could affect risk of brain changes, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
“More research is needed to determine whether sleep issues affect these brain biomarkers or vice versa,” Carvalho said. “We also need to look at whether strategies to improve sleep quality or treatment of sleep apnea can affect the trajectory of these biomarkers.”
The split-night design of the sleep study led to a limitation of this overall study. Participants’ sleep was observed and their sleep factors measured until they met criteria for the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea, mostly in the first two to three hours of sleep. Then they received a positive airway pressure machine for the rest of the night. So the sleep measurements may not be representative of a full night of sleep.
Funding: The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, Gerald and Henrietta Rauenhorst Foundation, Millis Family, Alexander Family Alzheimer’s Disease Research Professorship of the Mayo Foundation, Alzheimer’s Association, Liston Award, Elsie and Marvin Dekelboum Family Foundation, and Schuler Foundation.
Read our webstory about this research article.
About this neurology research news
Author: Natalie Conrad
Source: AAN
Contact: Natalie Conrad – AAN
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: The findings will appear in Neurology
