Autistic Children React More Strongly to Sudden Changes in Light

Summary: Stronger pupillary light reflex in infants is linked to an increased risk of autism diagnosis later in life, researchers report. Additionally, the amount of pupil restriction in infancy is associated with the strength of autism symptoms by the age of 3.

Source: Uppsala University.

A new study published in Nature Communications shows that infants who are later diagnosed with autism react more strongly to sudden changes in light. This finding provides support for the view that sensory processing plays an important role in the development of the disorder.

Despite being defined by symptoms in social communication, researchers are increasingly embracing the view that the earliest signs of autism may reside in more basic processes of brain development. Also, in the latest edition of the diagnostic manual used to diagnose the condition in many countries, sensory symptoms have been included as defining features.

In the new study, the researchers investigated the pupillary light reflex in 9-to-10 month old infants – this reflex is a basic regulatory mechanism controlling the amount of light that reaches the retina. The infants who fulfilled criteria for autism at three years of age constricted their pupils more than infants who did not fulfill autism criteria at follow up. Further, the amount of pupil restriction in infancy was associated with the strength of autism symptoms at follow up.

“Earlier studies on older children with autism has suggested a weak pupillary light reflex in this group. These findings motivated us to assess the reflex in infant siblings of children with autism. Most of these infants develop typically, yet the probability of later being diagnosed with autism is considerably higher in this group than in the general population. Surprisingly, we found that in infancy, the group differences were in the opposite direction than in older children: We found stronger reflexes in the infants later diagnosed with autism than in controls” says Terje Falck-Ytter, Associate Professor at the Department of Psychology at Uppsala University and Principal Investigator for the study.

“We believe the findings are important because they point to a very basic function that has not been studied before in infants with later autism diagnosis.”

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The participants in the current experiment were 9-10-months old when their pupillary light reflexes were examined and were followed until three years, when the diagnostic evaluation was conducted. NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.

The study is a part of the larger project Early Autism Sweden (EASE), which is a collaboration between Uppsala University and the Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND) in Sweden. In this particular experiment, data from Sweden were combined with data from a similar longitudinal study of siblings with an older sibling with autism conducted at Birkbeck, University of London (UK). The participants in the current experiment were 9-10-months old when their pupillary light reflexes were examined and were followed until three years, when the diagnostic evaluation was conducted. In total, 147 infants with an older sibling with autism took part in the study, of whom 29 met criteria for autism at follow-up. The study also included a control group consisting of 40 infants from the general population.

“Currently, autism cannot be reliably diagnosed before 2-3 years of age, but we hope that with more knowledge about the early development of the condition, reliable diagnosis will be possible earlier, which should facilitate early access to intervention and support for the families. New knowledge about early development in autism may also provide new leads on strategies for early intervention” Falck-Ytter says. “Yet, the results in this study demonstrated significant group differences only, and it is too early to say whether the method can facilitate early detection in a clinical context.”

About this neuroscience research article

Funding:Swedish Research Council, FAS, FORMAS, and VINNOVA, Riksbankens Jubileumsfond, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Foundation, Autistica, European Union funded this study.

Source: Terje Falck-Ytter – Uppsala University
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to U.S. Army photo by David McNally.
Original Research: Open access research for “Enhanced pupillary light reflex in infancy is associated with autism diagnosis in toddlerhood” by Pär Nyström, Teodora Gliga, Elisabeth Nilsson Jobs, Gustaf Gredebäck, Tony Charman, Mark H. Johnson, Sven Bölte & Terje Falck-Ytter in Nature Communications. Published May 7 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03985-4

Cite This NeuroscienceNews.com Article

[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Uppsala University”Autistic Children React More Strongly to Sudden Changes in Light.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 7 May 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/autism-light-changes-8981/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Uppsala University(2018, May 7). Autistic Children React More Strongly to Sudden Changes in Light. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved May 7, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/autism-light-changes-8981/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Uppsala University”Autistic Children React More Strongly to Sudden Changes in Light.” https://neurosciencenews.com/autism-light-changes-8981/ (accessed May 7, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]


Abstract

Enhanced pupillary light reflex in infancy is associated with autism diagnosis in toddlerhood

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition affecting around 1% of the population. We previously discovered that infant siblings of children with ASD had stronger pupillary light reflexes compared to low-risk infants, a result which contrasts sharply with the weak pupillary light reflex typically seen in both children and adults with ASD. Here, we show that on average the relative constriction of the pupillary light reflex is larger in 9–10-month-old high risk infant siblings who receive an ASD diagnosis at 36 months, compared both to those who do not and to low-risk controls. We also found that the magnitude of the pupillary light reflex in infancy is associated with symptom severity at follow-up. This study indicates an important role of sensory atypicalities in the etiology of ASD, and suggests that pupillometry, if further developed and refined, could facilitate risk assessment in infants.

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