Summary: Researchers have identified a set of neurons, located in a region of the hypothalamus, that may be the switch that turns the brain off, allowing for sleep. The neurons are also tied to body temperature regulation.
Source: BIDMC.
Two decades ago, Clifford B. Saper, MD/PhD, Chairman of the Department of Neurology at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), and colleagues discovered a set of nerve cells they thought might be the switch that turns the brain off, allowing it to sleep. In a new study published in Nature Communications today, Saper and colleagues demonstrate in mice that that these cells – located in a region of the hypothalamus called the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) – are in fact essential to normal sleep.
“Our paper is the first test of what happens when you activate the VLPO neurons,” said Saper, who is also James Jackson Putnam Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience at Harvard Medical School. “The findings support our original observation that the VLPO cells are essential to normal sleep.”
Working with genetically engineered mice, Saper’s team artificially activated the VLPO neurons using several different tools. In one set of experiments, the scientists activated the neuron cells using a laser light beam to make them fire, a process called optogentics. In another test, the team used a chemical to selectively activate the VLPO neurons. In both cases, activating these cells profoundly drove sleep.
The results confirmed Saper and colleagues’ earlier findings that these neurons are active during sleep and that damage to them causes insomnia – as seen in Saper’s subsequent work with laboratory animals and, in 2014, in older people who have lost cells of the VLPO as part of the natural aging process.
Based on that previous body of work, it came as a surprise when another team of researchers reported just the opposite. In a 2017 publication, experiments stimulating the VLPO neurons woke laboratory animals up. In their current paper, Saper’s team cleared up the seeming contradiction.
“We found that when the VLPO cells are stimulated one to four times per second, they fire each time they are stimulated, resulting in sleep,” Saper said. “But if you stimulate them faster than that, they begin to fail to fire and eventually stop firing altogether. We learned our colleagues in the other lab were stimulating the cells 10 times per second, which was actually shutting them off.”
Additionally, Saper’s team also found that activating the VLPO cells caused a fall in body temperature. Scientists already knew that warm temperatures activate VLPO cells, and that body temperature dips slightly during sleep, when the VLPO neurons are firing.
“We thought that this is why people need to curl up under a warm blanket to get to sleep,” Saper added.
However, with continued activation, body temperature in the mice fell by as much as five or six degrees Celsius. Saper’s team proposed that excessive firing of these same neurons may be responsible for the prolonged sleep and decline in body temperature in animals that hibernate. In follow up, Saper’s team is already looking at the relationship between sleep and body temperature in ongoing studies.
Saper’s co-authors include Daniel Kroeger, Gianna Absi, Celia Gagliardi, Sathyajit S. Bandaru, Loris L. Ferrari, Elda Arrigoni, Thomas E. Scammell and Ramalingam Vetrivelan of the Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Joseph C. Madara of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; and Heike Münzberg, of the Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health Grants R21-NS074205 and R01-NS088482 (to R.V.), R01-NS091126 (to E.A.), and P01AG09975, P01-HL095491, and R01-NS085477 (to C.B.S.).
Source: Jacqueline Mitchell – BIDMC
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access research for “Galanin neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area promote sleep and heat loss in mice” by Daniel Kroeger, Gianna Absi, Celia Gagliardi, Sathyajit S. Bandaru, Joseph C. Madara, Loris L. Ferrari, Elda Arrigoni, Heike Münzberg, Thomas E. Scammell, Clifford B. Saper & Ramalingam Vetrivelan in Nature Communications. Published October 8 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06590-7
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]BIDMC”Out Like a Light”: Brain’s Sleep Switch Identified.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 8 October 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/sleep-switch-9973/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]BIDMC(2018, October 8). Out Like a Light”: Brain’s Sleep Switch Identified. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved October 8, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/sleep-switch-9973/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]BIDMC”Out Like a Light”: Brain’s Sleep Switch Identified.” https://neurosciencenews.com/sleep-switch-9973/ (accessed October 8, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Galanin neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area promote sleep and heat loss in mice
The preoptic area (POA) is necessary for sleep, but the fundamental POA circuits have remained elusive. Previous studies showed that galanin (GAL)- and GABA-producing neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) express cFos after periods of increased sleep and innervate key wake-promoting regions. Although lesions in this region can produce insomnia, high frequency photostimulation of the POAGAL neurons was shown to paradoxically cause waking, not sleep. Here we report that photostimulation of VLPOGAL neurons in mice promotes sleep with low frequency stimulation (1–4 Hz), but causes conduction block and waking at frequencies above 8 Hz. Further, optogenetic inhibition reduces sleep. Chemogenetic activation of VLPOGAL neurons confirms the increase in sleep, and also reduces body temperature. In addition, chemogenetic activation of VLPOGAL neurons induces short-latency sleep in an animal model of insomnia. Collectively, these findings establish a causal role of VLPOGAL neurons in both sleep induction and heat loss.
