This image shows the olfactory bulb of a mouse. The caption best describes the image.
The researchers used optogenetics to de-activate inhibitory neurons in the olfactory cortex of mice. This image is for illustrative purposes only. The image caption reads: A coronal section through the main olfactory bulb of an adult male mouse (strain: C57BL/6j).Image taken with a confocal microscope visualizing all cell nuclei with stain TOTO-3. False color applied with photoshop to indicate the three main anatomical layers: Blue - Glomerular layer containing periglomerular (juxtaglomerular cell bodies), Red - External Plexiform layer and Mitral cell layer containing cell bodies of mitral and tufted cells (and granule cells resident in mitral cell layer), Green - Internal plexiform and granule cell layer containing cell bodies of immature migrating neuroblasts, and mature granule cells. Image credit Mattv.

Understanding How Neurons Shape Memories of Smells

Discovery has implications for understanding epilepsy.

In a study that helps to deconstruct how olfaction is encoded in the brain, neuroscientists at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine have identified a type of neuron that appears to help tune, amplify and dampen neuronal responses to chemosensory inputs from the nasal cavity.

The study, published March 9 in Nature Neuroscience, has applications to understanding the root cause of epileptic seizures, which are frequently centered in the olfactory cortex, the part of the brain that processes the sense of smell.

“Our sense of smell is complex and involves many overlapping and interconnected neuronal circuits,” said lead author James Sturgill, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher with the Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior in the Department of Neuroscience. “More than hearing or sight, olfaction is based upon past experiences and associations.”

“Our research addresses the question of how the brain combines activity from these other circuits with chemosensory inputs to encode an olfactory memory,” he said. “Our results suggest that certain neurons in the olfactory cortex serve as tuners and volume controls for various neuronal inputs.”

The cells that appear to perform this task are among the 10 percent of neurons in the brain that secrete inhibitory neurotransmitters, chemicals released in the synapse that raise the threshold for neuronal firing. The function of these inhibitory neurons is increasingly recognized as critical to the sensory perceptions of sound and sight. The study is among the first to demonstrate that inhibitory neurons also play a critical role in processing smells.

For the study, neuroscientists employed a technology called optogenetics to de-activate inhibitory neurons in the olfactory cortex of mice. The mice were then presented with different odors and intensities of odors, including lemon, pine and banana, while electrical activity in the olfactory cortex was recorded.

In the absence of the inhibitory neurons, researchers observed an increase in brain activity unrelated to direct processing of the odors. The amount of this background brain activity was unrelated to odor intensity.

When these same neurons were allowed to function normally, the background “noisy” brain activity decreased without distorting the fidelity of the neuronal representation of the odor itself.

This image shows the olfactory bulb of a mouse. The caption best describes the image.
The researchers used optogenetics to de-activate inhibitory neurons in the olfactory cortex of mice. This image is for illustrative purposes only. The image caption reads: A coronal section through the main olfactory bulb of an adult male mouse (strain: C57BL/6j).Image taken with a confocal microscope visualizing all cell nuclei with stain TOTO-3. False color applied with photoshop to indicate the three main anatomical layers: Blue – Glomerular layer containing periglomerular (juxtaglomerular cell bodies), Red – External Plexiform layer and Mitral cell layer containing cell bodies of mitral and tufted cells (and granule cells resident in mitral cell layer), Green – Internal plexiform and granule cell layer containing cell bodies of immature migrating neuroblasts, and mature granule cells. Image credit Mattv.

Described in signal processing terms, the inhibitory neurons appear to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of brain activity. They may also improve the ability to discern different odors.

“If you wonder how it is possible to smell a banana peel in a garbage can, it is because of this type of subtle neuronal control, achieved through inhibition,” said senior author Jeffry Isaacson, PhD, professor of neuroscience.

Neuronal inhibition by these same cells may also assist in preventing excessive excitation in the olfactory cortex that is associated with epilepsy. “The olfactory cortex is the region of the brain most likely to experience epileptic seizures,” Isaacson said. “It’s likely that the cells involved in processing odors also prevent seizures. Epilepsy can be recast as an abnormality in the function of these inhibitory neurons.”

About this neuroscience research

Funding for the research was provided, in part, by U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (grants R01DC04682 and 5F32DC013511).

Contact: Scott LaFee – UCSD
Source: UCSD press release
Image Source: The image is credited to Mattv and is in the public domain
Original Research: Abstract for “Somatostatin cells regulate sensory response fidelity via subtractive inhibition in olfactory cortex” by James F Sturgill and Jeffry S Isaacson in Nature Neuroscience. Published online March 9 2015 doi:10.1038/nn.3971

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