Summary: Optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex causes marmosets to move their forelimbs in an almost puppet-like fashion.
Source: RIKEN
RIKEN neuroscientists have succeeded in getting marmosets to move their forelimbs when they shine laser light on the motor cortex—the brain region responsible for planning, conducting and controlling voluntary movements. This will help researchers discover what different circuits in the motor cortex of marmosets do, with a view to gaining valuable insights into equivalent circuits in the human brain.
Researchers use light to stimulate specific neurons in the brain, allowing them to probe the brain and discover what different neural circuits do. This technique has been widely used on mice, but scientists are keen to apply it to primates because their brains more closely resemble human brains.
Researchers have used optical stimulation to get mice to move their front and rear paws, but until now no one has managed to achieve the same thing in primates. Indeed, it was proving so challenging that some prominent neurobiologists had speculated that it was not possible.
Now, after more than three years of trying, Masanori Matsuzaki at the RIKEN Center for Brain Science and co-workers have succeeded where many have failed. They have developed a low invasive way to cause marmosets to move their forelimbs in an almost puppet-like manner in response to laser light illumination.
The researchers improved the standard technique for optical stimulation of brain areas. Importantly, they used young marmosets, rather than larger monkeys. “The marmoset brain is about ten times smaller than the macaque brain, which means that forelimb movement in marmosets should be controlled by fewer motor cortical neurons.”
Also, instead of inserting an optical fiber into the brain, which is invasive and can only illuminate a small area, the team installed a transparent window in the scalp and shone the laser light through it. This allowed them to stimulate a much larger area. “An optical fiber can only illuminate an area that is about half a millimeter in diameter, whereas our technique could realize diameters that are two to four times larger than that,” says Matsuzaki. “Furthermore, by moving the fiber, we can easily change the illumination area to cause different forelimb movements.”
In addition to directly controlling the forelimbs of marmosets, the researchers were able to modify a movement that a monkey was in the process of making by shining a lower intensity light. The secret to this part of the experiment was the methods that the team had developed for training marmosets to perform tasks with their forelimbs. “So far, only our lab can train marmosets to perform such tasks,” Matsuzaki comments.
In the long term, the knowledge gained by the technique could help researchers gain a better understanding of how the motor cortex in the human brain responds to injury and stroke.
Source:
RIKEN
Media Contacts:
Adam Phillips – RIKEN
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access
“Arm movements induced by noninvasive optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex in the common marmoset”. Teppei Ebina, Keitaro Obara, Akiya Watakabe, Yoshito Masamizu, Shin-Ichiro Terada, Ryota Matoba, Masafumi Takaji, Nobuhiko Hatanaka, Atsushi Nambu, Hiroaki Mizukami, Tetsuo Yamamori, and Masanori Matsuzaki.
PNAS doi:10.1073/pnas.1903445116.
Abstract
Arm movements induced by noninvasive optogenetic stimulation of the motor cortex in the common marmoset
Optogenetics is now a fundamental tool for investigating the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. However, its application to the investigation of motor control systems in nonhuman primates is rather limited, because optogenetic stimulation of cortical neurons in nonhuman primates has failed to induce or modulate any hand/arm movements. Here, we used a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system carrying CaMKII promoter and the gene encoding a Channelrhodopsin-2 variant with fast kinetics in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey. In an awake state, forelimb movements could be induced when Channelrhodopsin-2−expressing neurons in the motor cortex were illuminated by blue laser light with a spot diameter of 1 mm or 2 mm through a cranial window without cortical invasion. Forelimb muscles responded 10 ms to 50 ms after photostimulation onset. Long-duration (500 ms) photostimulation induced discrete forelimb movements that could be markerlessly tracked with charge-coupled device cameras and a deep learning algorithm. Long-duration photostimulation mapping revealed that the primary motor cortex is divided into multiple domains that can induce hand and elbow movements in different directions. During performance of a forelimb movement task, movement trajectories were modulated by weak photostimulation, which did not induce visible forelimb movements at rest, around the onset of task-relevant movement. The modulation was biased toward the movement direction induced by the strong photostimulation. Combined with calcium imaging, all-optical interrogation of motor circuits should be possible in behaving marmosets.
