Summary: A study of 340,000 texts over 79 years found a shift from terms like “disease” and “disturbance” to “mental health” and “psychiatric,” with “mental illness” now the most-used term.
This evolution reflects growing recognition of mental health. The findings highlight the changing language in mental health discourse. Further research is needed to understand the impact of these terms on those experiencing mental ill health.
Key Facts:
- “Mental illness” is now the most-used term for mental health issues.
- Use of terms like “disease” and “disturbance” has declined over time.
- The study analyzed texts from 1940-2019, showing evolving language in mental health.
Source: PLOS
A new survey of nearly 340,000 texts spanning 79 years shows that generic terms in mental health have shifted away from words like “disease” and “disturbance” and toward “psychiatric” and “mental health,” with “mental illness” becoming the most-used term.
Nick Haslam and Naomi Baes at the University of Melbourne in Australia present these findings in the new open-access journal PLOS Mental Health on June 4.
The authors state that while words such as “crazy” and “lunatic” are clearly stigmatizing to modern ears, mental health professionals and communities continue to wrestle with other words for mental ill health.
But while experts and patients debate “depressed person” or “person with depression,” larger umbrella terms, such as “mental illness” itself, have not been studied.
To examine how these overarching terms have changed over time, Haslam and Baes analyzed two large collections of texts—Google Books, and a combination of the Corpus of Historical American English, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English.
The first collection contained over 1 trillion words drawn from English language books, and the second included over 700 million words from fiction and non-fiction books, magazines, newspapers, spoken language, and TV shows.
For the period from 1940-2019, the scientists looked at the popularity of 24 different generic terms for mental ill health.
The terms were two- or three-word phrases that combined four adjectives—“mental,” “mental health,” “psychiatric,” and “psychological”—with six nouns “condition,” “disease,” “disorder,” “disturbance,” “illness,” and “problem.”
Generic terms for mental ill health appeared more than twice as often in 2019 as in 1940, as psychiatry, clinical psychology and other mental health professions grew, and the wider public began to recognize the importance of mental health.
Phrases which included “disease,” and “disturbance” grew less common over time. Phrases that included words like “mental health,” “psychiatric,” and “illness” we used more commonly.
In particular, “mental illness,” after a spike in popularity between the 1940s and 1960s, reigned as the most-used term. It’s important to note that the authors here have specifically looked at numerical frequency of word usage in written culture, rather than community word preferences over time.
Based on these results, the scientists suggest further studies should focus on how mental health language is used by scientists and by the general public, and how that language affects people experiencing mental ill health.
The authors add: “Our study shows that the terms people use to refer to mental ill health have evolved over the past 80 years, but “mental illness” has steadily risen to become the most popular expression.”
About this language and mental health research news
Author: Charlotte Bhaskar
Source: PLOS
Contact: Charlotte Bhaskar – PLOS
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Open access.
“What should we call mental ill health? Historical shifts in the popularity of generic terms” by Nick Haslam et al. PLOS Medicine
Abstract
What should we call mental ill health? Historical shifts in the popularity of generic terms
Substantial attention has been paid to the language of mental ill health, but the generic terms used to refer to it–“mental illness”, “psychiatric condition”, “mental health problem” and so forth–have largely escaped empirical scrutiny.
We examined changes in the prevalence of alternative terms in two large English language text corpora from 1940 to 2019.
Twenty-four terms were studied, compounds of four adjectival expressions (“mental”, “mental health”, “psychiatric”, “psychological”) and six nouns (“condition”, “disease”, “disorder”, “disturbance”, “illness”, “problem”).
Terms incorporating “condition”, “disease” and “disturbance” became less popular over time, whereas those involving “psychiatric”, “mental health” and “illness” became more popular.
Although there were some trends away from terms with medical connotations and towards more normalizing expressions, “mental illness” consolidated its position as the dominant term over the study period.
