Summary: In staged confrontations between two puppets, infants under 18 months preferred the one who deferred. However, older children preferred the victors.
Source: UC Irvine
Social status matters, even to infants between 10 and 16 months old, according to a new study by two University of California, Irvine cognitive scientists. Published online in Current Biology, the research found that in staged confrontations between two puppets, babies preferred the one who deferred.
“Infants recognize basic indicators of high and low social status, like in a right-of-way conflict where one person bows down and lets another one pass,” said co-author Barbara Sarnecka, an associate professor of cognitive sciences.
“They seem to prefer the low-status person who bows, which is how many nonhuman social species behave.”
In the experiment, babies watched – one at a time – as two puppets tried to cross a stage from opposite sides at the same time. The dolls met in the middle and bumped into each other repeatedly. Finally, one yielded to the other by making a bowing motion and moving out of its way. Afterward, both puppets were held out toward the infant to see which one they reached for. Twenty-four of 30 babies chose the yielder.
Sarnecka and co-author Ashley Thomas, who earned master’s and doctoral degrees in psychology at UCI and is now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University, compared these findings to those of a similar study – published in Nature Human Behaviour – they had previously conducted with toddlers between 21 and 31 months old. In that case, 20 of 23 subjects favored the victor, but not if winning required force. When one puppet succeeded in passing by knocking the other doll out of the way, 18 of the toddlers reached for the one that had been knocked down.
“Something happens between 16 and 21 months,” Sarnecka said. “We see uniquely human social behaviors emerging in childhood. Toddlers also recognize social status but prefer the person who is bowed to. They do choose winners, but they seem to avoid bullies. Taken together, the findings from these two studies yield new insights into how the mind develops, especially those parts that are in charge of how we think about other people.”
According to Thomas, the results are consistent with what’s found in some other species, where low-status individuals defer to high-status ones to avoid the threat of aggression. “Our studies suggest that although humans start out like many species, a shift occurs between the first and second year of life,” she said. “For humans, high-status individuals can provide benefits to low-status individuals, such as guidance, protection and knowledge.”.
Source:
UC Irvine
Media Contacts:
Pat Harriman – UC Irvine
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Open access
“Infants Choose Those Who Defer in Conflicts”. Ashley J. Thomas and Barbara W. Sarnecka.
Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.054
Abstract
Infants Choose Those Who Defer in Conflicts
Highlights
• Infants were shown zero-sum conflicts
• In four experiments, infants chose the yielding puppet
• In win-win situations, infants did not show a preference
• When there was not conflict, infants did not show a preference
Summary
For humans and other social species, social status matters: it determines who wins access to contested resources, territory, and mates. Human infants are sensitive to dominance status cues. They expect conflicts to be won by larger individuals, those with more allies, and those with a history of winning. But being sensitive to status cues is not enough; individuals must also use status information when deciding whom to approach and whom to avoid. In many non-human species, low-status individuals avoid high-status individuals and in so doing avoid the threat of aggression. In these species, high-status individuals commit random acts of aggression toward subordinates and even commit infanticide. However, for less reactively aggressive species, high-status individuals may be good coalition partners. This is especially true for humans, where high-status individuals can provide guidance, protection, and knowledge to subordinates. Indeed, human adults, human toddlers, and adult bonobos prefer high-status individuals to low-status ones. Here, we present 6 experiments testing whether 10- to 16-month-old human infants choose high- or low-status individuals—specifically, winners or yielders in zero-sum conflicts—and find that infants choose puppets who yield. Intriguingly, toddlers just 6 months older choose the winners of such conflicts. This suggests that, although humans start out like many other species, avoiding high-status others, we shift in toddlerhood to approaching high-status individuals, consistent with the idea that, for humans, high-status individuals can provide benefits to low-status ones.
