Scientists at The University of Texas at Austin have discovered a mechanism that may explain how the brain can recall nearly all of what happened on a recent afternoon — or make a thorough plan for how to spend an upcoming afternoon — in a fraction of the time it takes to live out the experience. The breakthrough in understanding a previously unknown function in the brain has implications for research into schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders where real experiences and ones that exist only in the mind can become distorted.
The newly discovered mechanism, which compresses information needed for memory retrieval, imagination or planning and encodes it on a brain wave frequency that’s separate from the one used for recording real-time experiences, is described in a cover article in the Jan. 20 print edition of the journal Neuron.
Brain cells share different kinds of information with one another using a variety of different brain waves, analogous to the way radio stations broadcast on different frequencies. Laura Colgin, an assistant professor of neuroscience, Chenguang Zheng, a postdoctoral researcher, and their colleagues found that one of these frequencies allows us to play back memories — or envision future activities — in fast forward.
“The reason we’re excited about it is that we think this mechanism can help explain how you can imagine a sequence of events you’re about to do in a time-compressed manner,” says Colgin. “You can plan out those events and think about the sequences of actions you’ll do. And all of that happens on a faster time scale when you’re imagining it than when you actually go and do those things.”
In the brain, fast gamma rhythms encode memories about things that are happening right now; these waves come rapidly one after another as the brain processes high-resolution information in real time. The scientists learned that slow gamma rhythms — used to retrieve memories of the past, as well as imagine and plan for the future — store more information on their longer waves, contributing to the fast-forward effect as the mind processes many data points with each wave.
Mental compression turns out to be similar to what happens in a computer when you compress a file. Just like digital compression, when you replay a mental memory or imagine an upcoming sequence of events, these thoughts will have less of the rich detail found in the source material. The finding has implications for medicine as well as for criminal justice and other areas where memory reliability can be at issue.
Colgin notes that the research could also explain why people with schizophrenia who are experiencing disrupted gamma rhythms have a hard time distinguishing between imagined and real experiences.
“Maybe they are transmitting their own imagined thoughts on the wrong frequency, the one usually reserved for things that are really happening,” says Colgin. “That could have terrible consequences.”
Next, the researchers plan to use animals with neurological disorders similar to autism spectrum disorders and Alzheimer’s disease in humans to better understand what role this mechanism plays and explore ways to counteract it.
Funding: This research was supported by the Esther A. and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health and the Office of Naval Research.
Source: Marc Airhart – UT Austin
Image Credit: The image is credited to Juliette Pepperell
Original Research: Abstract for “Spatial Sequence Coding Differs during Slow and Fast Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus” by Chenguang Zheng, Kevin Wood Bieri4, Yi-Tse Hsiao, and Laura Lee Colgin in Neuron. Published online January 7 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.005
Abstract
Spatial Sequence Coding Differs during Slow and Fast Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
Highlights
•Place cells code relatively long, temporally compressed paths during slow gamma
•Place cells accurately follow ongoing trajectories during fast gamma
•Slow gamma phases of spikes code spatial information
•Fast gamma phases of spikes do not provide spatial information
Summary
Spatiotemporal trajectories are coded by “theta sequences,” ordered series of hippocampal place cell spikes that reflect the order of behavioral experiences. Theta sequences are thought to be organized by co-occurring gamma rhythms (∼25–100 Hz). However, how sequences of locations are represented during distinct slow (∼25–55 Hz) and fast (∼60–100 Hz) gamma subtypes remains poorly understood. We found that slow gamma-associated theta sequences activated on a compressed timescale and represented relatively long paths extending ahead of the current location. Fast gamma-associated theta sequences more closely followed an animal’s actual location in real time. When slow gamma occurred, sequences of locations were represented across successive slow gamma phases. Conversely, fast gamma phase coding of spatial sequences was not observed. These findings suggest that slow gamma promotes activation of temporally compressed representations of upcoming trajectories, whereas fast gamma supports coding of ongoing trajectories in real time.
“Spatial Sequence Coding Differs during Slow and Fast Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus” by Chenguang Zheng, Kevin Wood Bieri4, Yi-Tse Hsiao, and Laura Lee Colgin in Neuron. Published online January 7 2016 doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.12.005
