Summary: Researchers have shown that echolocating bats use an acoustic map of their environment to navigate long distances, even after being displaced. In a study on Kuhl’s pipistrelle bats, scientists tracked the bats’ return journeys across a three-kilometer radius using echolocation alone.
When available, vision improved their navigation, but 95% of bats still reached their roosts using only echolocation. This indicates the bats hold an internal acoustic “map” of their home range, using environmental cues like trees and roads as acoustic landmarks. The findings reveal that bats combine sophisticated echolocation and spatial memory to navigate over significant distances, even in low-light conditions.
Key Facts:
- Bats were able to navigate three kilometers back to their roosts using echolocation alone.
- They use environmental features, rich in acoustic information, as “sound landmarks.”
- 95% of bats successfully returned home within minutes, highlighting echolocation’s effectiveness.
Source: Max Planck Institute
Echolocating bats have been found to possess an acoustic cognitive map of their home range, enabling them to navigate over kilometer-scale distances using echolocation alone.
This finding, recently published in Science, was demonstrated by researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, the Cluster of Excellence Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour at the University of Konstanz Germany, Tel Aviv University, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Would you be able to instantly recognize your location and find your way home from any random point within a three-kilometer radius, in complete darkness, with only a flashlight to guide you?
Echolocating bats face a similar challenge, with a local and directed beam of sound—their echolocation—to guide their way. Bats have long been known for their use of echolocation to avoid obstacles and orient themselves.
However, the research team, led by Aya Goldshtein from Iain Couzin’s group at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the Cluster of Excellence Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour at the University of Konstanz, has now shown that bats can identify their location even after being displaced and use echolocation to perform map-based navigation over long distances.
Study with 6-gram light bats
To explore this, the team conducted experiments with Kuhl’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), a bat species weighing only 6 grams, in Israel’s Hula Valley.
Over several nights, the researchers tracked 76 bats near their roosts and relocated them to various points within a three-kilometer radius, but still within their home range. Each bat was tagged with an innovative lightweight reverse GPS tracking system called ATLAS, which provided high-resolution, real-time tracking.
Some bats were fitted solely with the ATLAS system, while others were additionally manipulated to assess how their vision, sense of smell, magnetic sense, and echolocation influenced their ability to navigate back to their roosts.
Remarkably, even with echolocation alone, 95 percent of the bats returned to their roosts within minutes, demonstrating that bats can conduct kilometer-scale navigation using only this highly directional, and relatively local, mode of sensing.
However, it was also shown that, when available, bats improve their navigation using vision.
“We were surprised to discover that these bats also use vision,” notes Aya Goldshtein. “That was not what we expected. It was incredible to see that, even with such small eyes, they can rely on vision under these conditions.”
Modulation of each bat’s flight
In addition to the field experiments, the team created a detailed map of the entire valley.
“We wanted to visualize what each bat experienced during flight and understand how they used acoustic information to navigate,” explains Xing Chen, from Yossi Yovel’s lab at Tel Aviv University, who developed the valley’s reconstruction.
The model revealed that bats tend to fly near environmental features with higher ‘echoic entropy’—areas that provide richer acoustic information.
“During the localization phase, bats conduct a meandering flight that, at a certain point, changes to a directional flight toward their destination, suggesting they already know where they are,” says Goldshtein.
“Bats fly near environmental features with more acoustic information and make navigation decisions.”
Bats can use this acoustic information to distinguish between environmental features such as a tree and a road, and thus use them as acoustic landmarks.
Bats have an acoustic mental map
The study concludes that Kuhl’s pipistrelles can navigate over several kilometers using echolocation alone. However, when vision is available, they enhance their navigation performance by combining both senses.
After being displaced, these small bats first identify their new location and then fly home, using environmental features with distinctive acoustic cues as landmarks. This behavior suggests they possess an acoustic mental map of their home range.
About this neuroscience research news
Author: Carla Avolio
Source: Max Planck Institute
Contact: Carla Avolio – Max Planck Institute
Image: The image is credited to Neuroscience News
Original Research: Closed access.
“Acoustic cognitive map-based navigation in echolocating bats” by Aya Goldshtein et al. Science
Abstract
Acoustic cognitive map-based navigation in echolocating bats
Bats are known for their ability to use echolocation for obstacle avoidance and orientation. However, the extent to which bats utilize their highly local and directional echolocation for kilometer-scale navigation is unknown.
In this study, we translocated wild Kuhl’s pipistrelle bats and tracked their homing abilities while manipulating their visual, magnetic, and olfactory sensing and accurately tracked them using a new reverse GPS system.
We show that bats can identify their location after translocation and conduct several-kilometer map-based navigation using solely echolocation. This proposition was further supported by a large-scale echolocation model disclosing how bats use environmental acoustic information to perform acoustic cognitive map–based navigation.
We also demonstrate that navigation is improved when using both echolocation and vision.
