Summary: Researchers describe how catnip produces nepetalactone, the substance that creates cats to become intoxicated by the plant. The study also identifies three new enzymes with unusual activity.
Source: John Innes Center.
Researchers at John Innes Centre have shed light on how catnip – also known as catmint – produces the chemical that sends cats into a state of wanton abandon..
The remarkable effect catnip has on cats is well known thanks to the scores on online videos showing pets enjoying its intoxicating highs.
The substance that triggers this state of feline ecstasy is called nepetalactone, a type of chemical called a terpene. This simple, small molecule is part of an unusual chain of events, not previously seen by chemists.
The researchers believe that understanding the production of these nepetalactones could help them recreate the way that plants synthesise other chemicals like vinblastine, which is used for chemotherapy. This could lead to the ability to create these useful medicines more efficiently and quickly than we are currently able to harvest them from nature.
Usually in plants, for example peppermint, terpenes are formed by a single enzyme. In their paper published online this week in Nature Chemical Biology, the researchers report that in catnip terpenes are formed in a two-step process; an enzyme activates a precursor compound which is then grabbed by a second enzyme to produce the substance of interest.
This two-step process has previously never been observed, and the researchers also expect something similar is occurring in the synthesis of anti-cancer drugs vincristine and vinblastine from Madagascan periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, and elsewhere in olive and snapdragon.
In the publication, the team describe the process by which catmint produces nepetalactone in microscopic glands on the underside of its leaves. The study also identifies three new enzymes with unusual activity.
Dr Benjamin Lichman, who conducted the work while a post-doc at John Innes Centre and who is now a lecturer at the University of York, says: “We have made significant progress in understanding how catnip makes nepetalactones, the chemicals that sends cats crazy. Catnip is performing unusual and unique chemical processes, and we plan to use these to help us create useful compounds that can be used in treatment of diseases such as cancer. We are also working to understand the evolution of catnip to understand how it came to produce the cat-active chemicals.”
Professor Sarah O’Connor, project leader at the John Innes Centre, says: “Nepetalactones have potential use in agriculture as they participate in certain plant-insect interactions. In future work we will explore the roles that these compounds have in plants.”
Funding: The study was supported by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC).
Source: Felicity Perry – John Innes Center
Publisher: Organized by NeuroscienceNews.com.
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to John Innes Centre.
Original Research: Abstract for “Uncoupled activation and cyclization in catmint reductive terpenoid biosynthesis” by Benjamin R. Lichman, Mohamed O. Kamileen, Gabriel R. Titchiner, Gerhard Saalbach, Clare E. M. Stevenson, David M. Lawson & Sarah E. O’Connor in Nature Chemical Biology. Published December 10 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41589-018-0185-2
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]John Innes Center”How Catnip Makes the Chemical that Causes Cats to Go Crazy.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 11 December 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/catnip-chemical-10327/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]John Innes Center(2018, December 11). How Catnip Makes the Chemical that Causes Cats to Go Crazy. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved December 11, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/catnip-chemical-10327/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]John Innes Center”How Catnip Makes the Chemical that Causes Cats to Go Crazy.” https://neurosciencenews.com/catnip-chemical-10327/ (accessed December 11, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Uncoupled activation and cyclization in catmint reductive terpenoid biosynthesis
Terpene synthases typically form complex molecular scaffolds by concerted activation and cyclization of linear starting materials in a single enzyme active site. Here we show that iridoid synthase, an atypical reductive terpene synthase, catalyzes the activation of its substrate 8-oxogeranial into a reactive enol intermediate, but does not catalyze the subsequent cyclization into nepetalactol. This discovery led us to identify a class of nepetalactol-related short-chain dehydrogenase enzymes (NEPS) from catmint (Nepeta mussinii) that capture this reactive intermediate and catalyze the stereoselective cyclisation into distinct nepetalactol stereoisomers. Subsequent oxidation of nepetalactols by NEPS1 provides nepetalactones, metabolites that are well known for both insect-repellent activity and euphoric effects in cats. Structural characterization of the NEPS3 cyclase reveals that it binds to NAD+ yet does not utilize it chemically for a non-oxidoreductive formal [4 + 2] cyclization. These discoveries will complement metabolic reconstructions of iridoid and monoterpene indole alkaloid biosynthesis.
