A New Statistical Method for Improved Brain Mapping

Summary: Researchers propose a new, more robust statistical method for mapping the brain.

Source: Paris Brain Institute

Brain mapping consists in finding the brain regions associated with different traits, such as diseases, cognitive functions, or behaviours, and is a major field of research in neuroscience. This approach is based on statistical models and is subject to numerous biases.

To try to counter them, researchers from the ARAMIS team, a joint team between the Paris Brain institute and Inria, and their collaborators at the University of Queensland (Australia) and Westlake University (China), propose a new statistical model for brain mapping.

The results are published in the Journal of Medical Imaging.

Mapping the brain

Mapping the brain is a challenge that mobilizes many neuroscience researchers around the world. The goal of this approach is to identify the brain regions associated with different traits, such as diseases, cognitive scores, or behaviors.

This type of study is also known as “Brain-wide association study” and rely on an exhaustive screening of brain regions to identify those associated with the trait of interest.

“The difficulty is that we are looking for a needle in a haystack, except that we don’t know how many needles there are, or in our case, how many brain regions there are to find,” explains Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne (Inria), first author of the study.

Meeting the challenges of signal redundancy

A first challenge lies in the number of brain measurements available per individual, which can quickly reach one million or more.

In addition, brain regions are correlated with each other. Some regions are highly connected and associated with many others, like nodes in a network.

Others, however, are more isolated, either because they are independent of other brain regions or because they contribute to very specific cognitive trait or brain function. 

“If a brain region associated with our trait of interest is part of a highly connected network, the analysis will tend to detect the whole network, because the signal propagates within regions that are correlated with each other,” continues the researcher,

“This signal, which may seem very strong at first sight, is in fact redundant. How then can we find the region or regions that really contribute to the trait of interest within the network?”

To solve this problem, the researchers are proposing new statistical methods that are suited to the high dimensional image as well as for modelling the complex correlation structure within the brain.

Simulations to develop new statistical methods

In order to test the developed statistical methods, the researchers need very controlled data.

“We cannot compare methods directly on real traits or diseases, since we do not know what we are supposed to find,” explains Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, “one method could find 10 regions associated with a trait, another 20, although we cannot tell which one is giving the correct answer.” 

The key to this solving problem is to use simulations. Researchers use real brain images, but study fake diseases or fake scores, which they have constructed to be associated with dozens or hundreds of predefined brain regions.

This way, they are able to check whether the statistical methods detect the expected regions, but also whether they detect others (‘false positives’). 

A more robust method and open questions

Once their method had been calibrated through these simulations (which revealed that the proposed approach was more accurate than the existing ones) the researchers used real traits as validation.

This shows a brain and a target
A first challenge lies in the number of brain measurements available per individual, which can quickly reach one million or more. Image is in the public domain

“Our new method finds fewer regions on average because it manages to remove some of the redundant associations. The next step is to apply it to study Alzheimer’s disease,” concludes the researcher.

A central result of the study it to demonstrate how pervasive are the redundant associations, using the current statistical methods. Thus, many associations identified to date may not be robust of directly pertinent for the trait studied.

In addition, several factors that are difficult to control can affect the quality of MRIs, such as head movements or the type of machines used, which can exacerbate the problem and lead to false associations.

Beyond the development of more refined analysis methods, the issue of data quality and homogeneity remains crucial.

About this brain mapping research news

Author: Nicolas Brard
Source: Paris Brain Institute
Contact: Nicolas Brard – Paris Brain Institute
Image: The image is in the public domain

Original Research: Open access.
A parsimonious model for mass-univariate vertex-wise analysis” by Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne et al. Journal of Medical Imaging


Abstract

A parsimonious model for mass-univariate vertex-wise analysis

Purpose: Covariance between gray-matter measurements can reflect structural or functional brain networks though it has also been shown to be influenced by confounding factors (e.g., age, head size, and scanner), which could lead to lower mapping precision (increased size of associated clusters) and create distal false positives associations in mass-univariate vertexwise analyses.

Approach: We evaluated this concern by performing state-of-the-art mass-univariate analyses (general linear model, GLM) on traits simulated from real vertex-wise gray matter data (including cortical and subcortical thickness and surface area). We contrasted the results with those from linear mixed models (LMMs), which have been shown to overcome similar issues in omics association studies.

Results: We showed that when performed on a large sample (N  =  8662, UK Biobank), GLMs yielded greatly inflated false positive rate (cluster false discovery rate >0.6). We showed that LMMs resulted in more parsimonious results: smaller clusters and reduced false positive rate but at a cost of increased computation. Next, we performed mass-univariate association analyses on five real UKB traits (age, sex, BMI, fluid intelligence, and smoking status) and LMM yielded fewer and more localized associations. We identified 19 significant clusters displaying small associations with age, sex, and BMI, which suggest a complex architecture of at least dozens of associated areas with those phenotypes.

Conclusions: The published literature could contain a large proportion of redundant (possibly confounded) associations that are largely prevented using LMMs. The parsimony of LMMs results from controlling for the joint effect of all vertices, which prevents local and distal redundant associations from reaching significance.

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