Summary: Researchers implicated a group of neurons in the premammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus with aggressive behaviors. Using optogenetics to stimulate and inhibit these neurons, researchers were able to control aggression in mice.
Source: Karolinska institute.
High activity in a relatively poorly studied group of brain cells can be linked to aggressive behaviour in mice, a new study from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden shows. Using optogenetic techniques, the researchers were able to control aggression in mice by stimulating or inhibiting these cells. The results, which are published in the scientific journal Nature Neuroscience, contribute to a new understanding of the biological mechanisms behind aggressive behaviour.
Aggression is a behaviour found throughout the animal kingdom and that shapes human lives from early schoolyard encounters to – in its most extreme expression – armed, global conflict. Like all behaviour, aggression originates in the brain. However, the identity of the neurons that are involved, and how their properties contribute to the stereotyped expression that interpersonal conflicts often manifest, remains largely a mystery. Researchers at Karolinska Institutet now show that a previously relatively unknown group of neurons in the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMv) of the hypothalamus, an evolutionarily well-preserved part of the brain that controls many of our fundamental drives, plays a key role in initiating and organising aggressive behaviour.
Studying male mice, the researchers found that the animals that displayed aggression when a new male was placed in their home cage also had more active PMv neurons. By activating the PMv through optogenetics, whereby neurons are controlled using light, they were able to initiate aggressive behaviour in situations where animals do not normally attack, and by inhibiting the PMv, interrupt an ongoing attack.
The mapping of the PMv neurons also showed that they in turn can activate other brain regions, such as reward centres.
“That could explain why mice naturally make their way to a place where they have experienced an aggressive situation,” says the study’s lead author Stefanos Stagkourakis, doctoral student at the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet. “We also found that the brief activation of the PMv cells could trigger a protracted outburst, which may explain something we all recognise – how after a quarrel has ended, the feeling of antagonism can persist for a long time.”
Aggression between male mice is often ritualised and focused less on causing harm than on establishing a group hierarchy by determining the strongest member. This can be studied experimentally in the so-called tube test, wherein two mice encounter each other in a narrow corridor, from which observations can be made about submission and dominance. By inhibiting the PMv cells in a dominant male and stimulating the same cells in a submissive male, the researchers were able to invert their mutual hierarchical status.
“One of the most surprising findings in our study was that the role-switch we achieved by manipulating PMv activity during an encounter lasted up to two weeks,” says study leader Christian Broberger, associate professor at the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.
The researchers hope that the results can contribute to new strategies for managing aggression.
“Aggressive behaviour and violence cause injury and lasting mental trauma for many people, with costly structural and economic consequences for society,” says Dr Broberger. “Our study adds fundamental biological knowledge about its origins.”
Funding: The study was financed by the European Research Council, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Brain Fund, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, and the Strategic Research Programme in Diabetes at Karolinska Institutet.
Source: Karolinska institute
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Original Research: Abstract for “A neural network for intermale aggression to establish social hierarchy” by Stefanos Stagkourakis, Giada Spigolon, Paul Williams, Jil Protzmann, Gilberto Fisone & Christian Broberger in Nature Neuroscience. Published May 25 2018.
doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0153-x
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Karolinska institute “Aggression Neurons Identified.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 25 May 2018.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/aggression-neurons-9139/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Karolinska institute (2018, May 25). Aggression Neurons Identified. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved May 25, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/aggression-neurons-9139/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Karolinska institute “Aggression Neurons Identified.” https://neurosciencenews.com/aggression-neurons-9139/ (accessed May 25, 2018).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
A neural network for intermale aggression to establish social hierarchy
Intermale aggression is used to establish social rank. Several neuronal populations have been implicated in aggression, but the circuit mechanisms that shape this innate behavior and coordinate its different components (including attack execution and reward) remain elusive. We show that dopamine transporter-expressing neurons in the hypothalamic ventral premammillary nucleus (PMvDAT neurons) organize goal-oriented aggression in male mice. Activation of PMvDAT neurons triggers attack behavior; silencing these neurons interrupts attacks. Regenerative PMvDAT membrane conductances interacting with recurrent and reciprocal excitation explain how a brief trigger can elicit a long-lasting response (hysteresis). PMvDAT projections to the ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamic and the supramammillary nuclei control attack execution and aggression reward, respectively. Brief manipulation of PMvDAT activity switched the dominance relationship between males, an effect persisting for weeks. These results identify a network structure anchored in PMvDAT neurons that organizes aggressive behavior and, as a consequence, determines intermale hierarchy.
