Summary: Blue Brain Project shows our brains operate on many different dimensions, not just the three we are accustomed to.
Source: Frontiers.
Using mathematics in a novel way in neuroscience, the Blue Brain Project demonstrates that the brain operates on many dimensions, not just the 3 dimensions that we are accustomed to.
For most people, it is a stretch of the imagination to understand the world in four dimensions but a new study has discovered structures in the brain with up to eleven dimensions – ground-breaking work that is beginning to reveal the brain’s deepest architectural secrets.
Using algebraic topology in a way that it has never been used before in neuroscience, a team from the Blue Brain Project has uncovered a universe of multi-dimensional geometrical structures and spaces within the networks of the brain.
The research, published today in Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, shows that these structures arise when a group of neurons forms a clique: each neuron connects to every other neuron in the group in a very specific way that generates a precise geometric object. The more neurons there are in a clique, the higher the dimension of the geometric object.
“We found a world that we had never imagined,” says neuroscientist Henry Markram, director of Blue Brain Project and professor at the EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland, “there are tens of millions of these objects even in a small speck of the brain, up through seven dimensions. In some networks, we even found structures with up to eleven dimensions.”
Markram suggests this may explain why it has been so hard to understand the brain. “The mathematics usually applied to study networks cannot detect the high-dimensional structures and spaces that we now see clearly.”
If 4D worlds stretch our imagination, worlds with 5, 6 or more dimensions are too complex for most of us to comprehend. This is where algebraic topology comes in: a branch of mathematics that can describe systems with any number of dimensions. The mathematicians who brought algebraic topology to the study of brain networks in the Blue Brain Project were Kathryn Hess from EPFL and Ran Levi from Aberdeen University.
“Algebraic topology is like a telescope and microscope at the same time. It can zoom into networks to find hidden structures – the trees in the forest – and see the empty spaces – the clearings – all at the same time,” explains Hess.
In 2015, Blue Brain published the first digital copy of a piece of the neocortex – the most evolved part of the brain and the seat of our sensations, actions, and consciousness. In this latest research, using algebraic topology, multiple tests were performed on the virtual brain tissue to show that the multi-dimensional brain structures discovered could never be produced by chance. Experiments were then performed on real brain tissue in the Blue Brain’s wet lab in Lausanne confirming that the earlier discoveries in the virtual tissue are biologically relevant and also suggesting that the brain constantly rewires during development to build a network with as many high-dimensional structures as possible.
When the researchers presented the virtual brain tissue with a stimulus, cliques of progressively higher dimensions assembled momentarily to enclose high-dimensional holes, that the researchers refer to as cavities. “The appearance of high-dimensional cavities when the brain is processing information means that the neurons in the network react to stimuli in an extremely organized manner,” says Levi. “It is as if the brain reacts to a stimulus by building then razing a tower of multi-dimensional blocks, starting with rods (1D), then planks (2D), then cubes (3D), and then more complex geometries with 4D, 5D, etc. The progression of activity through the brain resembles a multi-dimensional sandcastle that materializes out of the sand and then disintegrates.”
The big question these researchers are asking now is whether the intricacy of tasks we can perform depends on the complexity of the multi-dimensional “sandcastles” the brain can build. Neuroscience has also been struggling to find where the brain stores its memories. “They may be ‘hiding’ in high-dimensional cavities,” Markram speculates.
Funding: Funding provided by ETH Domain for Blue Brain Project and Laboratory of Neural Microcircuitry, The Blue Brain Project’s IBM BlueGene/Q System – BlueBrain IV, ETH Board, Swiss National Supercomputing Center, NCCR Synapsy Grant, others.
Source: Blue Brain Project – Frontiers
Image Source: NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Blue Brain Project.
Original Research: Abstract for “Cliques of Neurons Bound into Cavities Provide a Missing Link between Structure and Function” by Michael W. Reimann, Max Nolte, Martina Scolamiero, Katharine Turner, Rodrigo Perin, Giuseppe Chindemi, Paweł Dłotko, Ran Levi, Kathryn Hess and Henry Markram in Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience. Published online July 12 2017 doi:10.3389/fncom.2017.00048
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]Frontiers “Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi-Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 12 June 2017.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/blue-brain-neural-network-6885/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]Frontiers (2017, June 12). Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi-Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks. NeuroscienceNew. Retrieved June 12, 2017 from https://neurosciencenews.com/blue-brain-neural-network-6885/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]Frontiers “Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi-Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks.” https://neurosciencenews.com/blue-brain-neural-network-6885/ (accessed June 12, 2017).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Cliques of Neurons Bound into Cavities Provide a Missing Link between Structure and Function
The lack of a formal link between neural network structure and its emergent function has hampered our understanding of how the brain processes information. We have now come closer to describing such a link by taking the direction of synaptic transmission into account, constructing graphs of a network that reflect the direction of information flow, and analyzing these directed graphs using algebraic topology. Applying this approach to a local network of neurons in the neocortex revealed a remarkably intricate and previously unseen topology of synaptic connectivity. The synaptic network contains an abundance of cliques of neurons bound into cavities that guide the emergence of correlated activity. In response to stimuli, correlated activity binds synaptically connected neurons into functional cliques and cavities that evolve in a stereotypical sequence toward peak complexity. We propose that the brain processes stimuli by forming increasingly complex functional cliques and cavities.
“Cliques of Neurons Bound into Cavities Provide a Missing Link between Structure and Function” by Michael W. Reimann, Max Nolte, Martina Scolamiero, Katharine Turner, Rodrigo Perin, Giuseppe Chindemi, Paweł Dłotko, Ran Levi, Kathryn Hess and Henry Markram in Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience. Published online July 12 2017 doi:10.3389/fncom.2017.00048
