How Do We Know Where Things Are?

Summary: A framing strategy constantly works behind the scenes to stabilize our visual experience, a new study reports.

Source: Dartmouth College

Our eyes move three times per second. Every time we move our eyes, the world in front of us flies across the retina at the back of our eyes, dramatically shifting the image the eyes send to the brain; yet, as far as we can tell, nothing appears to move. A new study provides new insight into this process known as “visual stabilization”.

The results are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

“Our results show that a framing strategy is at work behind the scenes all the time, which helps stabilize our visual experience,” says senior author Patrick Cavanagh, a research professor in psychological and brain sciences at Dartmouth and a senior research fellow in psychology at both Glendon College and the Centre for Vision Research at York University.

“The brain has its own type of steadycam, which uses all sorts of cues to stabilize what we see relative to available frames, so that we don’t see a shaky image like we do in handheld movies taken with a smartphone. The visual world around us is the ultimate stable frame but our research shows that even small frames work: the locations of a test within the frame will be perceived relative to the frame as if it were stationary. The frame acts to stabilize your perception.”

One such example is when someone waves goodbye to you from the window of a moving bus. Their hand will appear as if it’s moving up and down relative to the window rather following the snake-like path that it actually traces out from the moving bus. The bus window acts like a frame through which the motion of the hand waving good-bye is seen relative to that frame.

The study consisted of two experiments that tested how a small square frame moving on a computer monitor affected participants’ judgments of location. The experiments were conducted in-person: eight individuals including two of the authors; and also online due to the COVID-19 pandemic: 274 participants were recruited from York University of which 141 had complete data. The data were very similar for both types of participants.

In Experiment 1, a white, square frame moves left and right, back and forth, across a grey screen and the left and right edges of the square flash when the square reaches the end of its path: the right edge flashes blue at one end of the travel and the left edge flashes red at the other, as shown in the figure.

Participants were asked to adjust a pair of markers at the top of the screen to indicate the distance they saw between the flashed edges. Experiment 1 had two conditions. The first condition evaluated how far apart the outer left and right edges of the square frame appeared.

In this example, the frame travel is longer than the frame size so the red flash is physically to the left of the blue flash. When the frame is moving slowly at the start, we see the flashes where they really are, with red to the left. However, once the frame is moving fast enough, blue is seen left of red. This is where they would be, if the frame were actually stationary.

The moving frame fools us by stabilizing our judgments of location. Further on in the movie, the frame briefly fades out to reveal that the red flash is actually to the left of the blue flash, which has been the case the entire time.

The second condition assessed the travel of the frame’s physical edge. The left edge flashes at each end of the frame’s travel and the distance the frame travels is seen as the space between the two flashes.

The data from both conditions of Experiment 1 demonstrated that participants perceived the flashed edges of the frame as if it were stable even though it was clearly moving, illustrating what the researchers call the “paradoxical stabilization” produced by a moving frame.

Experiment 2 again demonstrated the stabilizing power of a moving frame by flashing a red disc and a blue disc at the same location within a moving frame. The square frame moves back and forth from left to right while the disc flashes red and blue in alternation.

As in Experiment 1, participants were asked to indicate the perceived separation between the red and blue discs. Even though there is no physical separation between the discs, the moving frame creates the appearance that the two discs are located to the left and right of their true locations, relative to the frame where they flashed.

In other words, participants perceived the location of the discs relative to the frame, as if it were stationary and this was true across a wide range of frame speeds, sizes, and path lengths.

“By using flashes inside a moving frame, our experiments triggered a paradoxical form of visual stabilization, which made the flashes appear in positions where they were never presented,” says Cavanagh.

This is a diagram from the study
In Experiment 2 of the study, red and blue discs flash within the moving square frame. Flashed discs are seen at their locations relative to the frame, as if it were almost stationary, shifted far from their physical locations. The frames are shown in red and blue for convenience but were actually white on a gray background. Credit: P.Cavanagh

“Our results demonstrate a 100% stabilization effect triggered by the moving frames – the motion of the frame has been fully discounted. These data are the first to show a frame effect that matches our everyday experience where, each time our eyes move, the motion of the scene across our retinas has been fully discounted making the world appear stable.”

“In the real-world, the scene in front of us acts as the anchor to stabilize our surroundings,” Cavanagh says. Discounting the motion of the world as our eye move makes a lot of sense, as most scenes (i.e. house, workplace, school, outdoor environment) are not moving, unless an earthquake is occurring.

“Every time our eyes move, there’s a process that blanks out the massive blur caused by the eye movement. Our brain stitches this gap together so that we don’t notice the blank, but it also uses the motion to stabilize the scene. The motion is both suppressed and discounted so that we can keep track of the location of objects in the world,” says Cavanagh.

Based on the study’s results, the research team plans to explore visual stabilization further using brain imaging at Dartmouth.

About this visual neuroscience research news

Source: Dartmouth College
Contact: Amy D. Olson – Dartmouth College
Image: The image is credited to P.Cavanagh

Original Research: Closed access.
Paradoxical stabilization of relative position in moving frames” by Patrick Cavanagh et al. PNAS


Abstract

Paradoxical stabilization of relative position in moving frames

To capture where things are and what they are doing, the visual system may extract the position and motion of each object relative to its surrounding frame of reference [K. Duncker, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 161–172 (1929) and G. Johansson, Acta Psychol (Amst.) 7, 25–79 (1950)].

Here we report a particularly powerful example where a paradoxical stabilization is produced by a moving frame. We first take a frame that moves left and right and we flash its right edge before, and its left edge after, the frame’s motion.

For all frame displacements tested, the two edges are perceived as stabilized, with the left edge on the left and right edge on the right, separated by the frame’s width as if the frame were not moving. This stabilization is paradoxical because the motion of the frame itself remains visible, albeit much reduced.

A second experiment demonstrated that unlike other motion-induced position shifts (e.g., flash lag, flash grab, flash drag, or Fröhlich), the illusory shift here is independent of speed and is set instead by the distance of the frame’s travel. In this experiment, two probes are flashed inside the frame at the same physical location before and after the frame moves. Despite being physically superimposed, the probes are perceived widely separated, again as if they were seen in the frame’s coordinates and the frame were stationary.

This paradoxical stabilization suggests a link to visual stability across eye movements where the displacement of the entire visual scene may act as a frame to stabilize the perception of relative locations.

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