Summary: Weaker long distance connections in the mammalian brain may explain why bigger brains are more susceptible to mental illnesses.
Source: PLOS.
Understanding neural networks in the mammalian brain — a universal framework might explain why larger brains are more susceptible to mental illnesses.
In humans and other mammals, the cerebral cortex is responsible for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Understanding the organization of the neuronal networks in the cortex should provide insights into the computations that they carry out. A study publishing on July 21st in open access journal PLOS Biology shows that the global architecture of the cortical networks in primates (with large brains) and rodents (with small brains) is organized by common principles. Despite the overall network invariances, primate brains have much weaker long-distance connections, which could explain why large brains are more susceptible to certain mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer disease.
In earlier work, Zoltán Toroczkai, from the University of Notre-Dame, USA, Mária Ercsey-Ravasz, from Babes-Bolyai University, Romania and Henry Kennedy, from the University Lyon, France, and colleagues combined tracing studies in macaques, which visualize connections in the brain, with network theory to show that the cortical network structure in this primate is governed by the so-called exponential distance rule (EDR).
The EDR describes a consistent relationship between distances and connection strength. Consistent with the tracing results, the EDR predicts that there are many fewer long-range axons (nerve fibers that function as transmission lines of the nervous system) than short ones, and this can be quantified by a mathematical equation. At the level of cortical areas (such as visual cortex or auditory cortex) examined by the tracing studies, this means the closer two areas are to each other, the more connections exist between them.
In this study, the researchers compare the features of the cortical networks in the macaque – a mammal with a large cortex – with those in the mouse, with its much smaller cortex. They used detailed tracing data to quantify connections between functional areas, and those formed the basis for the analysis. Despite the substantial differences in the cortex size between the species and other apparent differences in cortex organization, they found that the fundamental statistical features of all networks followed the EDR.
Based on these results, the researchers hypothesize that the EDR describes an effective design principle that remains constant during the evolution of mammalian brains of different sizes. They present mathematical arguments that support the universal applicability of the EDR as a governing principle of cortical connectivity, as well as further experimental support from high-resolution tracer experiments in small brain areas from macaque, mouse, and mouse lemur (a primate with a very small brain).
Their results, the researchers conclude, “suggest that the EDR plays a key role across the mammalian order to optimize the layout of the inter-areal cortical network allowing larger-brained animals to maintain communication efficiencies combined with increased neuron numbers”.
As the EDR predicts and the tracing data here confirm, neuronal connections weaken exponentially with distance. Assuming the EDR can be applied to all mammalian brains, this suggests that long-distance connections could be quite weak in the human cortex, which is approximately five times larger than that of the macaque. If true, the researchers say, one could speculate that the low weight of human long-range connections may contribute to an increased susceptibility to disconnection syndromes, such as have been proposed for Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia”.
Funding: SH was supported by the “Programme Avenir Lyon Saint-Etienne” of the Université de Lyon (ANR-11-IDEX-0007), within the Program “Investissements d’Avenir” operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR), and Marie Curie Program European Union’s Seventh Framework (FP7/2007-2013) No. PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102, PRESTIGE coordinated by Campus France. MER was supported by the UNESCO- L’Oreal National Fellowship “For Women in Science”, by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 668863, and in part by the GSCE-30260-2015 “Grant for Supporting Excellent Research” of the Babes-Bolyai University. DCVE and LM were supported by grant National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01-MH-60974. AB was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 EY016184 and the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience (to AB and RG). ZT was supported, in part, by grant FA9550-12-1-0405 jointly from the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and by grant No. HDTRA-1-09-1-0039 from Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA). HK was supported by ANR-11-BSV4-501 (CORE-NETS), ANR-14-CE13-0033 (ARCHI-CORE), ANR-15-CE32-0016 (CORNET) and LabEx CORTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0042) of Université de Lyon, within the program “Investissements d’Avenir” (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Source: Henry Kennedy – PLOS
Image Source: This NeuroscienceNews.com image is credited to Szabolcs Horvát.
Original Research: Full open access research for “Spatial Embedding and Wiring Cost Constrain the Functional Layout of the Cortical Network of Rodents and Primates” by Szabolcs Horvát, Răzvan Gămănuț, Mária Ercsey-Ravasz, Loïc Magrou, Bianca Gămănuț, David C. Van Essen, Andreas Burkhalter, Kenneth Knoblauch, Zoltán Toroczkai, and Henry Kennedy in PLOS Biology. Published online July 21 2016 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002512
[cbtabs][cbtab title=”MLA”]PLOS. “Neural Networks: Why Larger Brains Are More Susceptible to Mental Illness.” NeuroscienceNews. NeuroscienceNews, 21 July 2016.
<https://neurosciencenews.com/neural-network-mental-health-4720/>.[/cbtab][cbtab title=”APA”]PLOS. (2016, July 21). Neural Networks: Why Larger Brains Are More Susceptible to Mental Illness. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved July 21, 2016 from https://neurosciencenews.com/neural-network-mental-health-4720/[/cbtab][cbtab title=”Chicago”]PLOS. “Neural Networks: Why Larger Brains Are More Susceptible to Mental Illness.” https://neurosciencenews.com/neural-network-mental-health-4720/ (accessed July 21, 2016).[/cbtab][/cbtabs]
Abstract
Spatial Embedding and Wiring Cost Constrain the Functional Layout of the Cortical Network of Rodents and Primates
Mammals show a wide range of brain sizes, reflecting adaptation to diverse habitats. Comparing interareal cortical networks across brains of different sizes and mammalian orders provides robust information on evolutionarily preserved features and species-specific processing modalities. However, these networks are spatially embedded, directed, and weighted, making comparisons challenging. Using tract tracing data from macaque and mouse, we show the existence of a general organizational principle based on an exponential distance rule (EDR) and cortical geometry, enabling network comparisons within the same model framework. These comparisons reveal the existence of network invariants between mouse and macaque, exemplified in graph motif profiles and connection similarity indices, but also significant differences, such as fractionally smaller and much weaker long-distance connections in the macaque than in mouse. The latter lends credence to the prediction that long-distance cortico-cortical connections could be very weak in the much-expanded human cortex, implying an increased susceptibility to disconnection syndromes such as Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. Finally, our data from tracer experiments involving only gray matter connections in the primary visual areas of both species show that an EDR holds at local scales as well (within 1.5 mm), supporting the hypothesis that it is a universally valid property across all scales and, possibly, across the mammalian class.
“Spatial Embedding and Wiring Cost Constrain the Functional Layout of the Cortical Network of Rodents and Primates” by Szabolcs Horvát, Răzvan Gămănuț, Mária Ercsey-Ravasz, Loïc Magrou, Bianca Gămănuț, David C. Van Essen, Andreas Burkhalter, Kenneth Knoblauch, Zoltán Toroczkai, and Henry Kennedy in PLOS Biology. Published online July 21 2016 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002512
